project - Research and innovation

SheepNet : SHaring Expertise and Experience towards sheep Productivity through NETworking (2 of 2)
SheepNet : SHaring Expertise and Experience towards sheep Productivity through NETworking (2 of 2)

Ongoing | 2016 - 2019 France
Ongoing | 2016 - 2019 France
Derzeit wird der Seiteninhalt nach Möglichkeit in der Muttersprache angezeigt

Kontext

The EU is only 85% self-sufficient in sheep meat and is the largest importer of sheep meat worldwide. An increase in EU ewe productivity by 0.1 lambs reared per ewe joined would increase self-sufficiency in sheep meat to 92%. Ewe productivity is one of the main factors impacting on profitability of prime lamb production.

Objectives

SheepNet is an EU network about practice-driven innovation to improve productivity meat sheep (the number of lambs reared per ewe joined) and the milk sheep (the number of milking ewes per ewe joined): a critical component of farmers’ income and therefore of the sustainability and attractiveness of sheep farming. SheepNet will establish durable exchange of scientific and practical knowledge among researchers, farmers and advisors across Europe. By a multi-actor and transdisciplinary approach, SheepNet will promote the implementation and dissemination of innovative technologies and practices.

Objectives

See objectives in English

Activities

Six main sheep producing EU countries (Romania, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, France, Ireland), plus Turkey are involved in SheepNet. The project aims to: 1)produce a scientific, technical and practical knowledge reservoir; 2)foster cross-fertilization through multi-actors workshops at national and international levels; 3)develop an easily understandable support package of communication and learning material, web-based tools, interactive platform. This network is widely open to all EU countries, stakeholders, sheep famers. In order to participate or to be informed, contact us via our website!

Additional information

SheepNet is an open and easy access network, Stakeholders are fostered to participate, propose solutions and innovation via our interactive platform and via the different social medias.

Project details
Main funding source
Horizon 2020 (EU Research and Innovation Programme)
Horizon Project Type
Multi-actor project - Thematic network
Ort
Main geographical location
Haute-Garonne

EUR 1 991 289.00

Total budget

Total contributions including EU funding.

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75 Practice Abstracts

Sheep farmers within limited technology resourses have more work that farmers with more resources in terms of management facilitation. This tip and trick facilitates teh weighing of lambs with the help of a thick rope. First the farmer makes a circle with the rope around the neck and twist it from the left and right side of the belly of lamb. Then we bond the two sides of the rope and attach the rope to the hook of the digital scale in order to weight the lamb.With this system farmer can weigh alone 100 lambd per hour which can be considered as a weighing facilitation tool.

Teknolojiyi kullanamayan koyun üreticileri kullananlara oranla daha fazla iş yapmak zorundadırlar. Anılan bu uygulama ile üretici kısa zamanda birçok koyun tartabilmektedir. Uzunca kalın bir ip hayvanın başından geçirilerek sağ ve sol karın kısmından sırta doğru uzatılarak havada sılı duran elektronik tartı kancasına iliştirilir ve böylece tartılmış olur.

Exposure to an artificial stimulatory sequence of day length changes can be used to successfully breed ewes out-of-season. Specifically, exposing females to 15 to 16 hours of light during late winter/early spring for 45 to 60 days, followed by exposure to 25 to 30 days of a short-day photoperiod consisting of 8 to 9 hours of light and 15 to 16 hours of darkness, will induce fertile estrus in ewes. While photoperiod manipulation can be quite effective, it requires an enclosed barn with electricity, three months of photoperiod manipulation and it does not result in synchronized estrus.

Expunerea oilor la un proram de iluminat artificial care să mimeze schimbări ale duratei zilei lumină poate să fie utilizată cu succes pentru a induce estru fertile la oi în extra-sezon. Mai exact, expunerea oilor la un program de 15-16 ore de lumină pe zi în sezonul de iarnă şi început de primăvară pentru 45 -60 de zile, după care expunerea oilor la o durată de lumină zilnică de 8-9 ore, timp de 25-30 de zile, v-a induce estrul fertil la oi. Deşi programul de manipulare fotoperiodică a estrului la oi este eficient, necesită un adăpost cu cheltuieli pentru electricitate, iar proramul induce dar nu sincronizează apariţie estrului la oi.

When housing sheep indoors, the following micro-environment parameters are adivised: ventilation rate in young animals (summer/winter) of 35/20 m3/h/head; ventilation rate in adult animals (summer/winter) 70/45 m3/h/head; lighting (duration/intensity) ≥8 h per day/ ≥100 lux; air temperature (max./min.) 25/5 °C; relative humidity ≤70%; dust <1.6 mg/m3 air; airbone micro-organisms <250 cfu/l air; as for noxious gases: NH3 less than 10 ppm; CO2 less than 2500 ppm; H2S less than <2.5 ppm. During winter, air drafts should be kept to a minimum, esspecially when newborn lambs are concerned, with a value of maximum 0.4 m/s. Furthermore, UV bulbs are recomended to be used for orphan and underweight or weeak lambs of 0-7 days, in order to improve their survival rates. A clean environment will reduce the incidence of pneumonia and other respiratory disorders. Throughout a proper ventialtion, heat stress effects during summer sason can be limited, withour negatively affecting the milk production of ewes or growth rates in lambs.

La întreţinerea oilor în adăpost, următorii parametrii de microclimat trebuiesc respectaţi: rata ventilaţiei la tineretul ovin (vară/iarnă) de 35/20 m3/oră/cap; rata ventilaţiei la oile adulte (vară/ianră) 70/45 m3/oră/cap; proramul de lumină (durată/intensitate) ≥8 ore per zi/ ≥100 lux; temperature aerului (max./min.) 25/5 °C; umiditatea relativă ≤70%; praf <1,6 mg/m3 aer; microoranisme in aer <250 cfu/l de aer; în ceea ce priveşte gazele: NH3 sub 10 ppm; CO2 sub 2500 ppm; H2S sub <2,5 ppm. În timpul iernii, curenţii de aer trebuiesc menţinuţi la valori minime, în special în cazul mieilor, cu o valoare de maximum 0,4 m/s. Mai mult, lămpile cu ultra violete pot să fie utilizate ca sursă de căldură pentru miei, în special pentru cei orfani şi slăbiţi, pentru a îmbunătăţii ratele de supravieţuire. Un microclimat optim reduce apariţia pneumoniilor în efectiv, iar prin ventilaţie vara stresul de caniculă poate să fie redus, cu efecte favorabile asupra producţiilor de lapte la oi şi a ratelor de creştere la miei.

Body weight targets in dairy and dual-purpose sheep breeds are: birth weights between 3.5 and 5 kg (lower values for twins and triplets); weaning weights of minimum 14-15 kg (4-6 weeks of age); ewe lamb weights at joining minimum 38-45 kg (8-10 months of age); body weights at first lambing 50-55 kg (13-15 months of age); body weights of mature ewes when put to ram ≥60 kg (depending on the breed standard); body weights of adult rams ≥80 kg (rams should be heavier by ≥20 kg compared to adult ewes). Reproduction efficiency targets in dairy and dual-purpose sheep breeds are: conception rates in ewe lambs 85-90%; conception rates in adult ewes ≥95%; prolificacy 140-180%; lambs survival rates from birth until weanin of ≥95%.

Pentru dezvoltarea corporală la oile din rasele de lapte şi la rasele mixte (lapte-carne) se recomandă următoarele ţinte: greutatea la fătare 3,5 – 5 kg (valorile mai mici pentru mieii din fătări duble sau triple); greutatea minima la fătare 14-15 kg (la vârsta de 4-6 săptămâni); greutatea minimă a mieluţelor la admiterea acestora la montă de 38-45 kg (la vârsta de 8-10 luni); greutatea corporală la prima fătare de 50-55 kg (la vârsta de 13-15 luni); greutatea corporală a oilor la admiterea lor la montă de minimum 60 kg (în funcţie de standardul rasei); greutatea corporală a berbecilor adulţi de minimum 80 kg (berbecii de regulă să aibe cu minimum 20 kg mai mult decât oile). În ceea ce priveşte eficienţa reproductivă, se recomandă următoarele ţinte: rate de concepţie a primiparelor de 85-90%; rate de concepţie a multiparelor de peste 95%; prolificitatea de 140-180%; rate de supravieţuire a mieilor de la fătare la înţărcare de minimum 95%.

When designing a barn for managing sheep, the following minimum space allowance should be aimed for: for young animals (body weiht between 15-25 kg) 0.60 sqm/head; young animals (body weiht between 25-40 kg) 1 sqm/head; adult ewes 1.5-2 sqm/head; adult rams 2.2-2.5 sqm/head; feeder space (polled/horned) 0.2-0.3 m/head; airspace (adult animals) 7 m3/head; glassed area ≥1/15 of total house area; drinkers one per 24-40 heads, 8-10 cm/head; the outdoor paddocks space should be double than in barn.

Când se proiectează un adăpost pentru ovine, următoarele valori trebuiesc respectate: pentru categoriile de tineret ovin (greutăţi de 15-25 kg) 0,60 m2 per cap; pentru categoriile de tineret ovin (greutăţi de 25-40 kg) 1 m2 per cap; pentru oile adulte 1,5-2 m2 per cap; pentru berbecii de reproducţie 2,2-2,5 m2 per cap; asigurând un front de furajare de 0,2-0,3 m per cap (oi fără coarne faţă de oi cu coarne); spaţiu de ventilat 7 m3 per cap; suprafaţă vitrată ≥1/15 faţă de suprafaţa de pardoseală; o adăpătoare la 24-40 capete, asigurând un front de adăpare de 8-10 cm per cap; suprafaţa padocului extern trebuie să fie dublă faţă de suprafaţa adăpostului.

5 lamb crops / ewe /3 years, this system was developed by Cornell University and is known as the STAR system. The calendar year is divided into five segments that each represent 73 days intervals. There are five mating periods in each year. There are at all times three groups in the flock: breeding and pregnant ewes and the rams, lambing and/or lactating ewes and their lambs, and growing lambs. These three groups are kept and managed separately. The STAR system is a natural system that does not use hormones or light control to achieve out-of-season breeding. It involves selecting sheep that breed during any season of the year (e.g. Merino derived strains, Dorset Horn, East Friesian, Finnish Landrace, hair breeds such as Dorper) and use of feed inputs higher by 10-20%, compared to conventional systems (e.g. for flushing and maintaining BCS in the flock).

Sistemul de fătări accelerate STAR presupune înregistrarea a 5 fătări în 3 ani, şi a fost elaborat de către un colectiv de cercetători de la Universitatea Cornell. Astfel, perioada unui an calendaristic este împărţit în cinci intervale egale de 73 de zile. Există cinci sezoane de montă per an. În orice moment al anului existând trei grupe în turmă: oi aflate în pregătire pentru montă sau gestante; oi cu miei aflate în lactaţie; miei la îngrăşat. Aceste trei grupuri sunt întreţinute separat. Sistemul STAR este un sistem care presupune monta naturală, fără utilizarea de tratamente hormonale sau utilizarea fotoperiodismului. Presupune selectarea oilor pentru desezonizarea căldurilor şi folosirea unor rase cu sezon lung de reproducţie (ex. rasele din tulpina Merinos, Dorset, Friză, Finlandeză, Dorper) şi utilizarea unor cantităţi de furaje mai ridicate cu 10-20% comparativ cu sistemele convenţionale (ex. pentru flushing şi pentru menţinerea condiţiei corporale a oilor).

Three lamb crops per ewe every two years system implies to have an average lambing interval of eight months, or 1.5 lambings/ewe/year. This system is generally characterized by a fixed mating and lambing schedule such as May mating/October lambing, January mating/June lambing and September mating/February lambing. The 8 months interval can also be adapted to 7, 9 or 10-months intervals to better fit climatic conditions, management and feed resources. Some sheep producers had implemented a variation of this system that provides for a more continuous lambing schedule. The flock is divided into four initial equal groups, which are then mated at eight-months intervals, having intervals of 2 months between breeding sessions. If an ewe fails to conceive with her assigned group, she has a second chance to mate two months later. This mating schedule has the potential to have higher lamb crops of up to 40%, compared to conventional systems. By dividing the flock into four groups leads to substantial savings in facilities costs, better ram usage, increased management attention can be given to critical lambing and early lactation.

Sistemul de trei fătări în doi ani presupune un interval mediu între fătări de 8 luni, sau înregistrarea a 1,5 fătări/oaie/an. De regulă, montele şi fătările sunt în sezoanele de toamnă sau primăvară, ca de exemplu monta în luna mai cu fătări în octombrie, monta în luna ianuarie cu fătări în iunie şi monta în septembrie cu fătări în februarie. Intervalul de opt luni poate să fie schimbat la 7, 9 sau 10 luni, în funcţie de resursele furajere, cerinţele pieţei şi condiţiile de mediu. Pentru a obţine o producţie constantă de miei, turma poate să fie împărţită în 4 grupuri de montă, cu intervale de 2 luni între admiterea la montă a oilor. Dacă o oaie nu rămâne gestantă, este transferată în grupul de montă imediat următor. Acest sistem de montă poate să ducă la o creştere a productivităţii turmei cu 40%, faţă de sistemul cu o fătare per an. Prin acest sistem se utilizează mai bine berbecii la montă, utilizarea mai bună a adăposturilor pentru fătare şi se pot livra miei în perioadele cand există deficit de carne de miel pe piaţă.

Appropriate nutrition and management during late pregnancy is one of the key factors influencing lamb survivability and flock productivity. Correct nutrition in late pregnancy will produce lambs at the optimum birth weight and ewes with adequate supplies of colostrum (http://sheepnet.network/node/216). The requirements for nutrients are influenced by the stage of gestation, the number of foetuses and ewe weight. For single, twin and triplet bearing ewes (weighing 80kg) ME requirements increase from 11.7 to 16.1, 14.0 to 22, and 15.3 to 25.3 MJ/day, respectively, for weeks 6 and 1 prior to parturition, respectively. Ewes in late pregnancy can meet some of their energy requirement by mobilising body reserves with each 100g daily weigh loss being equivalent to 2 MJ of ME. Conserved grass (silage or hay) is the basal diet offered to most ewes which are housed during pregnancy. Digestibility (DMD, DOMD, ME) is the most important characteristic of grass silage that affects its feed value and varies from 52 to 82 %. Therefore it is essential to know the feed value of the forage to develop a nutritional plan. Concentrate should be formulated to contain 19% crude protein as conserved forage on many sheep farms has a low protein concentration. The source of concentrate protein influences the performance of ewes and their progeny. Lambs born to ewes offered concentrates containing soyabean as the main protein source are heavier at birth (0.3 kg) and weaning (0.9 kg) than lambs born to ewes offered concentrate that contained by-products as the protein source. To optimise the use of concentrate ewes should be grouped according to predicted litter size and expected lambing date.

Appropriate nutrition and management during late pregnancy is one of the key factors influencing lamb survivability and flock productivity. Correct nutrition in late pregnancy will produce lambs at the optimum birth weight and ewes with adequate supplies of colostrum (http://sheepnet.network/node/216). The requirements for nutrients are influenced by the stage of gestation, the number of foetuses and ewe weight. For single, twin and triplet bearing ewes (weighing 80kg) ME requirements increase from 11.7 to 16.1, 14.0 to 22, and 15.3 to 25.3 MJ/day, respectively, for weeks 6 and 1 prior to parturition, respectively. Ewes in late pregnancy can meet some of their energy requirement by mobilising body reserves with each 100g daily weigh loss being equivalent to 2 MJ of ME. Conserved grass (silage or hay) is the basal diet offered to most ewes which are housed during pregnancy. Digestibility (DMD, DOMD, ME) is the most important characteristic of grass silage that affects its feed value and varies from 52 to 82 %. Therefore it is essential to know the feed value of the forage to develop a nutritional plan. Concentrate should be formulated to contain 19% crude protein as conserved forage on many sheep farms has a low protein concentration. The source of concentrate protein influences the performance of ewes and their progeny. Lambs born to ewes offered concentrates containing soyabean as the main protein source are heavier at birth (0.3 kg) and weaning (0.9 kg) than lambs born to ewes offered concentrate that contained by-products as the protein source. To optimise the use of concentrate ewes should be grouped according to predicted litter size and expected lambing date.

Optimum birth weight is the heaviest weight at which lambs are born with minimal assistance mortality is at a minimum (http://sheepnet.network/node/91). Regardless of litter size, as lamb weight increases mortality declines initially but levels out around the optimum birth weight, which varies by litter size and subsequently, as birth weight increases above the optimum, lamb mortality increases again. The optimum birth weight for lambs born as twins is 0.93 that of singles; the corresponding proportion for triplets is 0.78. As well as reduced mortality the optimum birth weight will also affect the future performance of lambs with each 0.5 kg increase in lamb birth weight increases weaning weight by approximately 1.7 kg. Many factors contribute to lamb birth weight, male lambs are 0.2 kg heavier than females. Ewes with greater mature weight produce lambs with heavier birth weights. Litter size will also affect birth weight with each one lamb increase in litter size reduces lamb birth weight by approximately 20%. Probably the biggest factor effecting birth weight is ewe during the final trimester of gestation as foetal weight in the final 6 weeks of pregnancy increases by 70% and is influenced by the energy and protein intake of the ewe. (http://sheepnet.network/node/216)

Optimum birth weight is the heaviest weight at which lambs are born with minimal assistance mortality is at a minimum (http://sheepnet.network/node/91). Regardless of litter size, as lamb weight increases mortality declines initially but levels out around the optimum birth weight, which varies by litter size and subsequently, as birth weight increases above the optimum, lamb mortality increases again. The optimum birth weight for lambs born as twins is 0.93 that of singles; the corresponding proportion for triplets is 0.78. As well as reduced mortality the optimum birth weight will also affect the future performance of lambs with each 0.5 kg increase in lamb birth weight increases weaning weight by approximately 1.7 kg. Many factors contribute to lamb birth weight, male lambs are 0.2 kg heavier than females. Ewes with greater mature weight produce lambs with heavier birth weights. Litter size will also affect birth weight with each one lamb increase in litter size reduces lamb birth weight by approximately 20%. Probably the biggest factor effecting birth weight is ewe during the final trimester of gestation as foetal weight in the final 6 weeks of pregnancy increases by 70% and is influenced by the energy and protein intake of the ewe. (http://sheepnet.network/node/216)

Mating ewe lambs can increase the lifetime performance of the ewe and overall flock productivity. Ewe lambs should be at least 60% of their mature weight at first joining (7 months) and 80% of mature weight at second joining (two-tooth). Ewe lambs should be managed as a separate flock from the time they are joined with the ram until the following breeding season to allow for additional nutritional management as they require additional nutrition to enable them to reach mature weight while also rearing lambs. Provided ewe lambs receive an adequate plane of nutrition, there is no evidence of any negative consequences on mature body weight. The energy requirement of ewes, regardless of age, increases rapidly during late pregnancy due to the rapidly growing foetuses and requirements for proper udder development (for colostrum production). However, ewe lambs also need to gain weight to enable them progress towards mature body size. Thus, relative to a mature ewe of similar weight, a ewe lamb requires an additional 2.5 megajoules (MJ) of ME (equivalent to 225 g of barley) daily during pregnancy to enable her to gain 50 g daily in live weight. Lambing ewes at 1 year of age has no negative effect on litter size or the number of lambs reared per ewe joined when lambing at 2 years of age provided they are managed correctly. Lambing ewe lambs has no negative effect on flock replacement rate. Joining ewe lambs increases the number of litters, and thus lambs reared during their life time resulting in an extra litter of lambs reared reared.

Mating ewe lambs can increase the lifetime performance of the ewe and overall flock productivity. Ewe lambs should be at least 60% of their mature weight at first joining (7 months) and 80% of mature weight at second joining (two-tooth). Ewe lambs should be managed as a separate flock from the time they are joined with the ram until the following breeding season to allow for additional nutritional management as they require additional nutrition to enable them to reach mature weight while also rearing lambs. Provided ewe lambs receive an adequate plane of nutrition, there is no evidence of any negative consequences on mature body weight. The energy requirement of ewes, regardless of age, increases rapidly during late pregnancy due to the rapidly growing foetuses and requirements for proper udder development (for colostrum production). However, ewe lambs also need to gain weight to enable them progress towards mature body size. Thus, relative to a mature ewe of similar weight, a ewe lamb requires an additional 2.5 megajoules (MJ) of ME (equivalent to 225 g of barley) daily during pregnancy to enable her to gain 50 g daily in live weight. Lambing ewes at 1 year of age has no negative effect on litter size or the number of lambs reared per ewe joined when lambing at 2 years of age provided they are managed correctly. Lambing ewe lambs has no negative effect on flock replacement rate. Joining ewe lambs increases the number of litters, and thus lambs reared during their life time resulting in an extra litter of lambs reared reared.

Nutritional management pre conception aims to have the ewe at optimum condition at joining to facilitate high fertility and a successful conception. The ewe should be on a level or slightly rising plane of nutrition from three weeks pre-joining to four weeks post joining. Body condition score (BCS) of the ewe at joining effects productivity with each one unit increase in BCS (within the range 2.5 to 4) at joining increasing litter size by 0.13 and joining ewes at a BCS of less than 2.5 increases the risk of barrenness. Each 1 unit increase in BCS is equivalent to an increase of approximately 12 kg in live weight or approximately 15% of live weight. In general, ewes grazing high quality grass swards can gain approximately 1 kg live weight per week. Therefore it is important to allow sufficient time to improve BCS. Ewes should be condition scored at weaning and again six weeks pre joining to determine what change is required in BCS, implement a plan to achieve this and to have time for BCS change to be achieved.

Nutritional management pre conception aims to have the ewe at optimum condition at joining to facilitate high fertility and a successful conception. The ewe should be on a level or slightly rising plane of nutrition from three weeks pre-joining to four weeks post joining. Body condition score (BCS) of the ewe at joining effects productivity with each one unit increase in BCS (within the range 2.5 to 4) at joining increasing litter size by 0.13 and joining ewes at a BCS of less than 2.5 increases the risk of barrenness. Each 1 unit increase in BCS is equivalent to an increase of approximately 12 kg in live weight or approximately 15% of live weight. In general, ewes grazing high quality grass swards can gain approximately 1 kg live weight per week. Therefore it is important to allow sufficient time to improve BCS. Ewes should be condition scored at weaning and again six weeks pre joining to determine what change is required in BCS, implement a plan to achieve this and to have time for BCS change to be achieved.

All flocks contain ewes of varying ages with older ewes being culled for reasons such as mouth issues, infertility, mastitis, ill-health or low productivity. Some flocks cull ewes based solely on age so it is important to understand how age affects productivity. As a ewe ages her mothering ability improves with each litter which will reduce lamb mortality and improve subsequent lamb performance. As ewes up to 5 years litter size, birth weight, number of lambs reared and lamb performance increase when over 5 years of age lamb output and performance plateaus. Ewe prolificacy or lamb performance does not decline when ewes lamb at older ages meaning there is no reason to cull on age alone. Retaining older productive ewes in the flock will increase flock output and reduce replacement costs without having any adverse effects on the weight of lamb weaned per ewe.

All flocks contain ewes of varying ages with older ewes being culled for reasons such as mouth issues, infertility, mastitis, ill-health or low productivity. Some flocks cull ewes based solely on age so it is important to understand how age affects productivity. As a ewe ages her mothering ability improves with each litter which will reduce lamb mortality and improve subsequent lamb performance. As ewes up to 5 years litter size, birth weight, number of lambs reared and lamb performance increase when over 5 years of age lamb output and performance plateaus. Ewe prolificacy or lamb performance does not decline when ewes lamb at older ages meaning there is no reason to cull on age alone. Retaining older productive ewes in the flock will increase flock output and reduce replacement costs without having any adverse effects on the weight of lamb weaned per ewe.

Replacement ewes normally join flocks at 18 months of age with the intention of producing their first litter at 24 months. The cost of a replacement ewe at joining the flock at approximately 18 months of age is equivalent to 25% of the value of her lifetime lamb carcass output. Joining replacements as ewe lambs to lamb down at 12 months old will increase the lifetime output of the ewe and in turn reduce the replacement costs of the flock. Weight at joining is the main factor that will determine the success of joining ewe lambs to the ram as weight at joining increases the probability of rearing at least one lamb per ewe joined. The effect of weight of ewe lambs at joining on the probability of rearing at least one ewe lamb varies by breed. To have a 0.9 probability (90% chance) of rearing at least one lamb Belclare, Suffolk x Belclare and ≥75% Suffolk ewe lambs would need to be 48.5, 51.2 and 60.0 kg at joining respectively. The mature weight of Belclare and Suffolk ewes is 77 and 83 kg, respectively, thus Belclare, Suffolk x Belclare and ≥75% Suffolk ewes lambs would need to be 63%, 64% and 72% of mature body when joining at 9 months of age to have a 90% probability of rearing at least one lamb when lambing at 1 year of age. When using this matrix, genotypes of low prolificacy need to be heavier at joining as the loss of a lamb has a greater impact in small litters.

Replacement ewes normally join flocks at 18 months of age with the intention of producing their first litter at 24 months. The cost of a replacement ewe at joining the flock at approximately 18 months of age is equivalent to 25% of the value of her lifetime lamb carcass output. Joining replacements as ewe lambs to lamb down at 12 months old will increase the lifetime output of the ewe and in turn reduce the replacement costs of the flock. Weight at joining is the main factor that will determine the success of joining ewe lambs to the ram as weight at joining increases the probability of rearing at least one lamb per ewe joined. The effect of weight of ewe lambs at joining on the probability of rearing at least one ewe lamb varies by breed. To have a 0.9 probability (90% chance) of rearing at least one lamb Belclare, Suffolk x Belclare and ≥75% Suffolk ewe lambs would need to be 48.5, 51.2 and 60.0 kg at joining respectively. The mature weight of Belclare and Suffolk ewes is 77 and 83 kg, respectively, thus Belclare, Suffolk x Belclare and ≥75% Suffolk ewes lambs would need to be 63%, 64% and 72% of mature body when joining at 9 months of age to have a 90% probability of rearing at least one lamb when lambing at 1 year of age. When using this matrix, genotypes of low prolificacy need to be heavier at joining as the loss of a lamb has a greater impact in small litters.

This solution is provided in order to increase the survival rate of the youngs either without mother or mother with insufficient milk . For this target farmer use feeding bottle or syringe in order to facilitate the orphan lamb or less developed lamb when they are not able to sucke the mother. They also collect and freeze the colostrum from other ewes and defreeze when it is necessary. It can also be used for other lambs in case the mother has not enough milk.Increased lamb survival in the fist hours and days will improve total productivity of flock which would be an expected benefit.

Bu çözüm öksüz kuzuların yaşama gücünü arrtırmak amacıyla üretilmiştir. Özellikle sütü az veya annesiz yavruların yaşama gücünün arttırılmasında etkilidir. Bu amaçla üretici besleme şişeleri veya şırınga yardımı ile annesnin ememeyen veya az gelişmiş kuzuların beslenmesini desteklenmesi amacıyla faydalıdır. Üretici aynı zamanda sütü bol olan annelerden zaman zaman kolostrum da toplamakta ve dondurmaktadır. gerektiğinde donmuş kolostrumu çözdürerek ihtiyacı olan kuzu desteklemektedir. Sütü yeterli olmayan sürülerde sürünün yaşama gücünün iyileştirilmesi, böylece sürünün toplam verimliliğinin arttırılması beklenen en önemli faydadır.

This solution is provided in order to increase the productivity of the flock related to unbalanced feed and fodder-concentrate ratio. For this target a software tool (free) will be installed to intensive farms and a pdf document for the extensive farmers who has no computer. A demonstrative test will be made together according to the raw material they have for a balanced nutrition composition for mating period. Also, a PDF key note explaining basic nutritive requirements for ewe will be introduced with a particular emphasis on pre mating and mating period. Portable fencing will be introduceda and advice on how to move the flock according to the pasture availability in order to avoid overgrazing-thus a better result for grass and nutrition quality at mating period. Increased feed- fodder ratio efficiency, improved productivity of flock and pasture utilization would be an expected benefit.

Bu çözümün amacı dengeli rasyon ve kaba-kesif yem oranı ile ilgili unsurlara bağlı olarak sürü verimliliğini arttırmaktır. Bu amaçla entansif çiftliklere bir yazılım kurulacak ve bilgisayarı olmayan ekstansif çiftliklere ise PDF dökümanı verilecektir. Çiftleşme dönemi için sahip oldukları hammaddeye göre dengeli beslenme kompozisyonu ile ilgili görsel bir sunum yapılacaktır. Ayrıca özellikle aşım öncesi ve aşım döneminde koyunlarda temel besin madde gereksinimlerini açıklayan bir anahtar PDF dökümanı tanıtılacaktır. Mera varlığına bağlı olarak sürünün taşınabilir çit sistemi ile nasıl hareket ettirileceği anlatılacak, böylece otlağın ve besin madde kalitesinin aşım döneminde arttırılması sağlanacaktır. Kaba- kesif yem oranı etkinliğinin arttırılmasına bağlı sürü ve mera verimliğiğinin iyileşmesi beklene faydalar arasındadır.

The concept of this Tip &Trick is to find a way for easy and fast milking the sheep by hand in the mountain conditions where there is no shed. The farmer himself has built this basic door opening system in order to facilitate the milking process. Animals stand as a group in a circle behind the milker and one by one they are pushed to the hand milk unit. After milking the sheep the milker pulls the rope and the iron door which is tighted with this rope opens and animal is released from milking unit.

Bu kapı sistemi ekstansif koşullarda koyunların hızlı ve kolay sağımını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla düşünülmüştür. Sağımı kolaylaştıran bu kapıyı üretici kendisi yapmıştır. Kapının aşağıdan yukarıya ve yukarıdan aşağa açılmasının elinde tuttuğu bir ip sayesinde yapmaktadır. İpi kendine doğru çektikçe kapı otomatik olarak açılık ve sağımı biten koyun dışarı çıkar.

After identication presence of stray currents in drinking troughs of the sheep shed, breeder has decided to connect to a ground all of the drinking troughs. The impact on the drinking troughs visits and on the amount of water drunk (measured with water meters) was immediate. A better hydration of the ewes contributes to a better health condition and consequently to better reproductive results and better lambs' survival rate (particularly because of a better production of colostrum and milk).

Après avoir identifié la présence de courants vagabonds au niveau des abreuvoirs de la bergerie, l’éleveur a décidé de raccorder l’ensemble des abreuvoirs à la terre. L’effet sur la fréquentation des abreuvoirs et la quantité d’eau bue a été immédiat (observé à l’aide de compteur d’eau). Une meilleure hydratation des brebis concourt à un meilleur état sanitaire et par conséquent à de meilleurs résultats tant de reproduction que de survie des agneaux (notamment par une meilleure production de colostrum et de lait).

This tip is used exclusively at lambing time. It’s used as a reminder when the size of the mob is important or when there are different persons working on the same farm to relay the information. With a piece of chalk that must stay in your pocket, you write down all the things that can be usefull.

For example when :

- a lamb needs asistance to drink because the ewe has got big teats or a bad udder

- a lamb needs a bottle of colostrum because the ewe has no milk

- a lamb or a ewe has got a treatment to do again in the coming days.

- a lamb can’t go out of the lambing pen yet because he is too small or not strong enough

All those informations are likely to decrease the lamb mortality rate. On top of each lambing pen, a board is painted with blackboard paint. This paint is easy to find in every DIY shop and will last for a long time. This paint also resist to the barn washing with a power hose.

When the ewe is out of the lambing pen, you can easily remove the inscription with a handful of straw wetted in the water trough. The blackboard is ready again for the next ewe to enter the lambing pen.

Cet astuce est utilisée exclusivement au cours de l’agnelage. C’est un pense bête lorsque la taille du lot est importante ou bien un relai d’informations lorsque plusieurs personnes travaillent. Avec une craie à tableau que l’on a toujours dans sa poche, les renseignements que l’on juge utiles y sont notés. Par exemple,

- une aide indispensable à la tétée des agneaux parce que la brebis a de grosses tétines ou bien un seul quartier,

- une buvée de colsotrum à renouveller au biberon car la brebis n’a pas de lait,

- un traitement à renouveller à la brebis ou aux agneaux,

- une sortie de case à différer car l’agneau est peu vigoureux ou trop petit.

Toutes ces notations sont succeptibles de diminuer le taux de mortalité des agneaux.

Au dessus de chaque case d’agnelage, le bardage ou la barre d’auge sont peintes à la peinture à tableau noire. La durée de vie de cette pienture que l’on trouve dans tous les magasins de bricolage est très longue. Elle résiste au lavage des bergeries.

Lorsque la brebis est sortie de case, l’inscription est facilement effacée avec une poignée de paille trempée dans l’abreuvoir. Et l’écriteau est prêt pour la prochaine brebis qui va rentrer en cases.

I recycled and put on wheels an old stepladder. I can take it quite near the lambing pens and so can I work at good height. I have everything at hand: the tags in a first tray, the care material in a second (elastic, selenium, nippers, spray...). The lambing book is kept on an easel with pliers. I tinkered a shutter with tensioner to hold the lamb and prevent it from moving. The lamb is always in the same direction: no mistake when tagging. It's very useful !

« J’ai récupéré un vieil escabeau que j’ai mis sur roulettes. Je peux l’emmener tout près des cases d’agnelage et je travaille à hauteur.

J’ai tout sous la main : les boucles dans un premier bac, le matériel de soin dans un second (élastiques, sélénium, pinces, bombe…). Le carnet d’agnelage est maintenu sur un chevalet avec une pince. J’ai bricolé une porte-volet avec tendeur pour maintenir l’agneau et l’empêcher de bouger. L’agneau est toujours dans le même sens. Je ne risque pas de me tromper d’oreille pour la pose des boucles. C’est très pratique ! »

: A poor udder conformation (falling udder, udder asymmetry, bad location of the teats, ...) often makes difficult the first suckling of the lambs. Indeed, lambs often look for the teats at the height of the groin. In addition, in case of double, a strong udder asymmetry can be deleterious. The selection of the udder morphology fullfils two purposes: to facilitate milking (for milk production) and to allow the lamb to suckle in the best possible conditions. A scoring grid is used to evaluate the conformation of the udder. It is used to integrate this trait into the selection. It can also be used by breeders to choose the reforms.

Une mauvaise conformation de la mamelle (pis qui tombe déséquilibre marqué, tétines mal positionnées, ...) rend souvent difficiles les premières tétées des agneaux. En effet, les agneaux ont souvent tendance à chercher la tétine en hauteur au niveau de l’aine. De plus, en cas de portée double, un fort déséquilibre de la mamelle peut être délétère. La sélection de la morphologie mammaire doit donc répondre à un double objectif : faciliter la traite mécanique (pour la production laitière) et permettre à l’agneau de téter dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Une grille de notation permet d’évaluer la conformation de la mamelle. Elle est utilisée pour intégrer ce critère dans la sélection. Elle peut également être utilisée par les éleveurs pour choisir les réformes.

Before parturition, ewe produce colostrum with a mass of IgG available for its offspring after lambing. As lamb born with a poor immunity, large part of its protection depends on the mass of IgG it can absorb shortly after its birth. It is what is called the transfer of passive immunity (TPI). TPI can be evaluated with the lamb serum IgG concentration. Lamb with low serum IgG concentration are at higher risk of disease and death. In brief, the survival of the lamb depends considerably on the quality of the colostrum, that’s means on the mass of IgG available.

To evaluate the mass of IgG available in the colostrum, IgG colostrum concentration is often measured. However, there is no relationship between the IgG concentration of the dam colostrum and the serum IgG concentration of its lambs at 48 h of age. In fact, to have mass, you need concentration AND volume, and volume of colostrum is variable and difficult to estimate.

According to the available literature, some factors affect IgG colostrum concentration (*), or colostrum volume (°), or production in general (p): breed*, age of ewe*°, feeding during gestation p, litter size*°, water supply° at lambing, udder health° p and other genetic factors* p.

Before parturition, ewe produce colostrum with a mass of IgG available for its offspring after lambing. As lamb born with a poor immunity, large part of its protection depends on the mass of IgG it can absorb shortly after its birth. It is what is called the transfer of passive immunity (TPI). TPI can be evaluated with the lamb serum IgG concentration. Lamb with low serum IgG concentration are at higher risk of disease and death. In brief, the survival of the lamb depends considerably on the quality of the colostrum, that’s means on the mass of IgG available.

To evaluate the mass of IgG available in the colostrum, IgG colostrum concentration is often measured. However, there is no relationship between the IgG concentration of the dam colostrum and the serum IgG concentration of its lambs at 48 h of age. In fact, to have mass, you need concentration AND volume, and volume of colostrum is variable and difficult to estimate.

According to the available literature, some factors affect IgG colostrum concentration (*), or colostrum volume (°), or production in general (p): breed*, age of ewe*°, feeding during gestation p, litter size*°, water supply° at lambing, udder health° p and other genetic factors* p.

Being well prepared is essential for a successful lambing season. The aim of this solution is to improve the lambing results. The farmer uses a ready bucket with necessary equipment for lambing that the farmer can carry with him to everywhere in the shed. Lubricant, disposable gloves, disinfectant, markers/tags, iodine solution, glucose solution, electrolytes, infra-red lamps, a warming box, prolapse harnesses and lambing ropes, sterile needles, sterile syringes, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatories are in the lambing kit. Expecetd benefit is better lambing result.

Başarılı bir kuzulama sezonu için iyi bir hazırlık elzemdir. Bu çözüm önerisinin amacı kuzulamanın iyileştirilmesidir. Bu çerçevede üretici doğum sırasında devamlı hazır bulundurduğu kovayı yanında taşımaktadır. Kovanın içinde kaygan jel, tek kullanımlık eldiven, kulak küpesi, kalem, boyama seti, tentürdiyot, glikoz solüsyonu, elektrolit, infra red lambalar, ısıtmalı bölmeler, proplase giderici ve kuzulatma ipi, steril iğne ucu ve şırınga, antibiyotik ve ati-inflamatuar bulunmaktadır. daha iyi bir kuzulama beklenen faydadır.

The wide genetic variability between and within the sheep breeds for litter size allows the genetic improvement that requires a collective organization of farmers for: performance recording; pedigree recording; exchange of breeding animals by natural mating and/or artificial insemination. The portion of breeders directly involved in pedigree and performance recording should be as large as possible representing at least 10-20% of the whole population submitted to selection. The rest of farmers exploit the genetic improvement generated by breeders by using breeding animals coming from breeders. The breeding objective is litter size defined as the number of lambs born when pregnancy reaches full term. Hormonal treatments affect the rate and quality of ovulation and consequently litter size. So in the definition of the breeding objective, prolificacy based on induced estrus and the prolificacy based on natural estrus should be considered as two different objectives. Improving litter size may lead to triplets or even more. Breeders would like to have litter sizes of two exactly – and not on average – or as often as possible. In many situations, twins are the most profitable but the increase of twins rate lead to an increase of lambings with triplets or more lambs. For this reason, selection objective should be more sophisticated than litter size including a penalization for extreme litters. In any case simultaneous selection for maternal ability as well as strategies to manage triplets should be applied. Litter size is the selection criterion. It is easy to measure but laborious to handle since lambings are often concentrated so mis-mothering and/or recording errors may often occur. Alternative selection criteria can be considered as the number of lambs weaned per lambing ewe or the number of ova per joined ewe and/or the number of foetuses per joined ewe. Pedigree recording can be traditionally performed by single sire natural mating and/or artificial insemination. Data related to reproduction system and factors affecting litter size have to be collected. Flock management, climatic conditions, time of mating and individual features such as age, health, nutritional condition are the main factors affecting litter size. Genetic evaluation can be performed through a traditional quantitative approach or gene assisted selection.

L'ampia variabilità genetica tra e all'interno delle razze ovine per la prolificità ne consente il miglioramento genetico che richiede un'organizzazione collettiva di allevatori per: la registrazione delle performance; la registrazione delle genealogie; lo scambio di animali riproduttori mediante monta naturale e/o inseminazione artificiale. La porzione di allevatori direttamente coinvolta nella registrazione delle genealogie e della performance dovrebbe essere la più ampia possibile rappresentando almeno il 10-20% dell'intera popolazione sottoposta a selezione. Il resto degli allevatori sfrutta il miglioramento genetico generato utilizzando gli animali riproduttori provenienti dagli allevamenti dello schema. L'obiettivo di selezione è la prolificità definita come il numero di agnelli nati quando la gravidanza viene portata a termine. I trattamenti ormonali influenzano il tasso e la qualità dell'ovulazione e di conseguenza la prolificità. Quindi, nella definizione dell'obiettivo di selezione, la prolificità basata sul calore indotto e la prolificità basata sul calore naturale dovrebbero essere considerati come due obiettivi diversi. Migliorare la prolificità può portare a triplette o anche di più. Gli allevatori vorrebbero avere una figliata di due esattamente - e non nella media - o il più spesso possibile. In molte situazioni, i gemelli sono i più redditizi, ma l'aumento della frequenza dei gemelli porta ad un aumento di parti trigemini o più. Per questo motivo, l'obiettivo della selezione dovrebbe essere più sofisticato della prolificità, compresa una penalizzazione per le figliate estreme. In ogni caso, si dovrebbe applicare anche la selezione simultanea per le abilità materne cosi come strategie per la gestione delle triplette. La prolificità è il criterio di selezione. È facile da misurare ma laborioso da gestire poiché i parti sono spesso concentrati e possono determinare errori di abbinamento madre-figlio e/o errori di registrazione. Si possono considerare criteri di selezione alternativi come il numero di agnelli svezzati per pecora partorita o il numero di ovuli per pecora avviata alla monta e/o il numero di feti per pecora avviata alla monta. La registrazione del pedigree può essere tradizionalmente effettuata impiegando la monta naturale con un solo ariete e/o con l'inseminazione artificiale. Devono essere raccolti i dati relativi al sistema di riproduzione e ai fattori che incidono sulla prolificità. La gestione del gregge, le condizioni climatiche, il periodo della monta e le caratteristiche individuali come età, stato sanitario, condizioni nutrizionali sono i principali fattori che influenzano la prolificità. La valutazione genetica può essere eseguita attraverso un approccio quantitativo tradizionale o una selezione assistita dal gene.

To avoid an unplanned mount, the ram effect as well as heat detection are traditionally realized through vasectomised rams. However the availability of vasectomised rams is sometimes limited. A farmer proposes a simply and cheap home-made apron made of a plastic sheet and a belt which allows the use of whole rams. Cut out a 50x50 cm plastic sheet and fasten it to a belt of about 2 meters with rivets. Tie the belt to the the abdominal area of the ram so that the plastic apron droops from the stomach and covers the penis when the ram tries to jump. This tip could be combined with the marking of the chest of rams with a crayon for oestrus detection.

Per evitare accoppiamenti non pianificati, l'effetto ariete e il rilevamento dei calori sono realizzati tradizionalmente tramite arieti vasectomizzati. La disponibilità di arieti vasectomizzati è a volte limitata. Un allevatore propone un grembiule fatto in casa semplice ed economico fatto di un foglio di plastica e una cintura che consente l'uso di arieti interi. Ritagliare un foglio di plastica di 50x50 cm e fissarlo a una cintura di circa 2 metri con dei rivetti. Legare la cintura alla zona addominale dell’ariete in modo che il grembiule di plastica cada dalla pancia e copra il pene quando l'ariete cerca di saltare. Questo suggerimento potrebbe essere combinato con la marcatura del petto di arieti con pastello per la rilevazione dell'estro.

Breeders involved in the selection scheme at the end of the lambing season may be visited by the official personnel of the Associations of Sheep Breeders to perform the early identification (before ruminal bolus deposition) of lambs by tattooing the lamb’s flank with the identification number of the mother. This allows to avoid mismatching of mother-lamb couples and assess the correct pedigree using artificial insemination or single sire mating information. Tattooing is performed using a plier with dies in the form of numbers bearing in mind that only skin must be felt inside the head of the plier i.e. do not tattoo into muscle. Recommendations: 1) handle and restrain the animal gently; 2) clean the tattoo area with a cloth soaked in alcohol; 3) clean the tattooing equipment thoroughly after each use.

Gli allevatori coinvolti nello schema di selezione alla fine della stagione di parto sono visitati dal personale ufficiale delle associazioni allevatori al fine di eseguire l'identificazione precoce (prima della deposizione del bolo ruminale) degli agnelli tatuando la grassella dell'agnello con il numero di identificazione della madre. Ciò consente di evitare l’errato accoppiamento madre-agnello e di attribuire il corretto pedigree utilizzando l'inseminazione artificiale o la monta naturale con un singolo ariete. Il tatuaggio viene eseguito usando una pinza con denti a forma di numeri facendo attenzione che solo la pelle rimanga all'interno della testa della pinza, vale a dire evitare di comprendere anche i muscoli. Raccomandazioni: 1) maneggiare e trattenere l'animale delicatamente; 2) pulire l'area del tatuaggio con un panno imbevuto di alcol; 3) pulire accuratamente l'attrezzatura per il tatuaggio dopo ogni utilizzo.

The supplement offered to groups or individuals should be weighed. However weighing facilities are not always available on farm or imply laborious movements inside the farm An easy way to overcome this lack is to calibrate buckets or cups to estimate accurately the weight of concentrates to provide to sheep groups or individuals within groups. For this purpose it is necessary to have the availability of a bucket, a black marker, some concentrate and a scale. Once you have chosen the reference amount , for example 100 grams, fill the bucket placed over the scale with the first 100 grams of concentrates and shake it later so that the level of the concentrate inside is horizontal. Externally mark the bucket along the level of the concentrate. Repeat the same operation for the desired weight levels. At this point, the bucket can be used on farm for feeding sheep or even when they are at pasture or penned outdoor.

Il supplemento offerto a gruppi o individui dovrebbe essere pesato. Tuttavia, nelle aziende spesso mancano bilance per poter pesare gli alimenti. Un modo semplice per superare questa mancanza è calibrare secchi o tazze per somministrare la quantità voluta di concentrato a gruppi di pecore o individui all'interno di gruppi. Per questo scopo è necessario avere la disponibilità di un secchio, un pennarello nero, un po’ di concentrato e una bilancia. Dopo aver scelto l'unità di riferimento, ad esempio 100 grammi, riempire il secchio posto sopra la bilancia con i primi 100 grammi di concentrato e agitarlo in un secondo momento in modo che il livello del concentrato all'interno sia orizzontale. Contrassegnare esternamente il secchio lungo il livello del concentrato. Ripetere la stessa operazione fino al raggiungimento del peso finale desiderato. A questo punto, il secchio può essere utilizzato in azienda per l’alimentazione delle pecore o anche quando sono al pascolo o all'aperto.

The difficulty in assigning paternity is one of the main limits for increasing the efficiency of a selection scheme for sheep breeds. Performing single sire natural mating could be a valid alternative to the use of artificial insemination for pedigree recording for selection purposes or to avoid inbreeding. Farmers manage the natural mating by grouping ewes with a single ram (“mating group”) during the breeding period. The ewes of a mating group can be grouped with another ram in the same reproduction season only after a lag of 14 days. This management allows assigning the correct sire to a lamb on the basis of the lambing date. The size of the mating group depends on the ram's sexual aptitude and the planned lambings period. An essential requirement in the management of multiple single sire mating groups is the physically separation to avoid paternity errors. Some farmers use crayons of different colors to mark the rump of ewes of different single sire mating groups. In this way they are able to visually detect even from far, an accidental mixture of different single sire mating groups.

La difficoltà nell'assegnazione della paternità è uno dei maggiori limiti per l'incremento dell'efficienza di uno schema di selezione per le razze ovine. L'impiego della monta naturale con un solo ariete potrebbe essere una valida alternativa all'uso della fecondazione artificiale per la registrazione delle parentele. Gli allevatori gestiscono la monta naturale raggruppando le pecore con un singolo ariete ("gruppo di monta") durante la stagione riproduzione. Le pecore di un gruppo di monta possono essere raggruppate con un altro ariete nella stessa stagione di riproduzione solo dopo un intervallo di 14 giorni. Questa gestione consente di assegnare correttamente il padre di un agnello in base alla data del parto. La dimensione del gruppo di monta dipende dall'attitudine sessuale dell’ariete e dalla pianificazione del periodo dei parti. Un requisito essenziale nella gestione di più gruppi di monta è che siano fisicamente separati per evitare errori nell'attribuzione della paternità. Alcuni allevatori usano pastelli di colore diverso per segnare la groppa delle pecore di gruppi di monta differenti. In questo modo sono in grado di rilevare visivamente anche da lontano, un’unione accidentale di diversi gruppi di monta creati per scopi di selezione o per evitare consanguineità.

Fostering is a commonly used technique to allow abandoned or surplus lambs to be reared by a surrogate ewe, often a ewe who has only one or no lambs to rear. A number of different methods have been suggested either to make the lambs smell in such a way that the ewe will accept it, or various forms of restraint to prevent the ewe from rejecting the lamb. Wet fostering, where the foster lamb is covered in the amniotic fluids of a lambing ewe as she gives birth to a single lamb, is the most successful method of ensuring a good foster bond is formed and is usually 100% effective. If the ewe's own lamb has died, and she has licked the ldead lamb and bonded with it, then skinning the lamb and attaching the skin to the foster lamb for a few days can also make the ewe accept the lamb in 95-100% of cases. Masking the smell of the foster lamb with other odours, such as perfume, oil or other smells, can sometimes be effective but the results are highly variable and this should only be used if the wet foster method is not possible. The success of other methods are generally variable or unknown and therefore these are the preferred methods for fostering.

Fostering is a commonly used technique to allow abandoned or surplus lambs to be reared by a surrogate ewe, often a ewe who has only one or no lambs to rear. A number of different methods have been suggested either to make the lambs smell in such a way that the ewe will accept it, or various forms of restraint to prevent the ewe from rejecting the lamb. Wet fostering, where the foster lamb is covered in the amniotic fluids of a lambing ewe as she gives birth to a single lamb, is the most successful method of ensuring a good foster bond is formed and is usually 100% effective. If the ewe's own lamb has died, and she has licked the ldead lamb and bonded with it, then skinning the lamb and attaching the skin to the foster lamb for a few days can also make the ewe accept the lamb in 95-100% of cases. Masking the smell of the foster lamb with other odours, such as perfume, oil or other smells, can sometimes be effective but the results are highly variable and this should only be used if the wet foster method is not possible. The success of other methods are generally variable or unknown and therefore these are the preferred methods for fostering.

Udder morphology can affect milking ability, disease incidence and production level in both meat (though effects on lamb sucking and growth) and dairy sheep. For selection purposes udders can be scored for morphological and subjective traits to improve miling ease in dairy and ability for the lamb to suckle easily in other systems. A number of scoring systems are available which will measure: udder depth, udder attachment, teat placement, teat angle and length. Udders with a good shape are less prone to developing subclincal mastitis so selection for udder morphology can also help to prevent disease. In dairy sheep in particular, selection for udder morphology is now included in breeding goals, to improve milking ability and prevent disease, and is starting to be of interest in meat sheep as well.

Udder morphology can affect milking ability, disease incidence and production level in both meat (though effects on lamb sucking and growth) and dairy sheep. For selection purposes udders can be scored for morphological and subjective traits to improve miling ease in dairy and ability for the lamb to suckle easily in other systems. A number of scoring systems are available which will measure: udder depth, udder attachment, teat placement, teat angle and length. Udders with a good shape are less prone to developing subclincal mastitis so selection for udder morphology can also help to prevent disease. In dairy sheep in particular, selection for udder morphology is now included in breeding goals, to improve milking ability and prevent disease, and is starting to be of interest in meat sheep as well.

For good lamb survival the ewe needs to show appropriate maternal care, and the lamb needs to be active and able to find its way to the udder quickly and suckle sufficient colostrum. How well this works is affected by ewe inexperience (giving birth for the first time), when the birth is difficult or long, the genetics of the ewe and lamb, how much disturbance there is when the ewe is giving birth, the nutrition of the ewe in late pregnancy and the size of the litter. The success of lamb rearing by the inexperienced ewe is a good indicator of how well managed the flock is. The ewe needs good nutrition, an undisturbed birth environment and time to progress through lambing more slowly than ewes that have lambed before. Do not breed from animals that are going to make things more difficult - selection of ewes for easy lambing traits, and lambs that stand and suck quickly is important, or cull/do not breed from those that are not easy to lamb. A quiet and calm brith environment, without interruptions from people or dogs is important. At lambing time observation is important but also allowing the ewe to take care of the lamb without disturbance is crucial for a good bond to form and for the ewe to be able to rear her lamb without help.

For good lamb survival the ewe needs to show appropriate maternal care, and the lamb needs to be active and able to find its way to the udder quickly and suckle sufficient colostrum. How well this works is affected by ewe inexperience (giving birth for the first time), when the birth is difficult or long, the genetics of the ewe and lamb, how much disturbance there is when the ewe is giving birth, the nutrition of the ewe in late pregnancy and the size of the litter. The success of lamb rearing by the inexperienced ewe is a good indicator of how well managed the flock is. The ewe needs good nutrition, an undisturbed birth environment and time to progress through lambing more slowly than ewes that have lambed before. Do not breed from animals that are going to make things more difficult - selection of ewes for easy lambing traits, and lambs that stand and suck quickly is important, or cull/do not breed from those that are not easy to lamb. A quiet and calm brith environment, without interruptions from people or dogs is important. At lambing time observation is important but also allowing the ewe to take care of the lamb without disturbance is crucial for a good bond to form and for the ewe to be able to rear her lamb without help.

The ewe forms a selective bond with her own lambs, or any lamb presented to her, immediately after birth due to changes in her biology that make her ready to learn the smell and taste of a lamb. This learning occurs within about 30 minutes to an hour after birth and then the ewe will no longer be interested in interacting with other lambs. This means that she will not accept any other lambs to suckle, and if she misses the opportunity to form a bond with her own lamb then she will also not accept her own lamb. For this bonding response to happen properly the ewe needs to deliver the lamb, which makes her show maternal behaviours, and have the time to lick and interact with the lamb. If she is moved away from her lamb, or other ewes or lambs interfere, this process may be disrupted. For the bond to be maintained the lamb needs to stand, find the udder and suckle, which also helps the lamb learn to recognise its own monther. This measn it is important to allow the ewe and lamb time to interact after birth so that the bond can form properly after birth, as it is very difficult to persuade a ewe to accept her lamb if this window of time is missed. As the bond is initially based on smell, it is also important not to contaminate newborn lambs with other odours, especially of other lambs, as this may prevent the ewe from learning to recognise her own lambs.

The ewe forms a selective bond with her own lambs, or any lamb presented to her, immediately after birth due to changes in her biology that make her ready to learn the smell and taste of a lamb. This learning occurs within about 30 minutes to an hour after birth and then the ewe will no longer be interested in interacting with other lambs. This means that she will not accept any other lambs to suckle, and if she misses the opportunity to form a bond with her own lamb then she will also not accept her own lamb. For this bonding response to happen properly the ewe needs to deliver the lamb, which makes her show maternal behaviours, and have the time to lick and interact with the lamb. If she is moved away from her lamb, or other ewes or lambs interfere, this process may be disrupted. For the bond to be maintained the lamb needs to stand, find the udder and suckle, which also helps the lamb learn to recognise its own monther. This measn it is important to allow the ewe and lamb time to interact after birth so that the bond can form properly after birth, as it is very difficult to persuade a ewe to accept her lamb if this window of time is missed. As the bond is initially based on smell, it is also important not to contaminate newborn lambs with other odours, especially of other lambs, as this may prevent the ewe from learning to recognise her own lambs.

Rotational grazing involves managing small field sizes (or paddocks) combined with frequent stock movements to reduce grass wastage and provide a rest for the grass. The intensive grazing followed by a rest period leads to greater grass utilisation, improved pasture quality and greater grass yield. This means stocking rate can be increased at low additional cost. Rotational grazing can be implemented in any environmental conditions and grazing resources available; however, the length of the resting time depends on the agro-climate conditions (temperature, rainfall, etc.), and type of pasture (natural, improved, etc.). Preliminary grazing planning is crucial to try to fit the resting time to the grass growth rate; the plan should be adjusted throughout the year to react to changing grass growth. The distribution of paddocks and access must be designed to try to avoid the passage of animals upon previously grazed fields. Paddocks should be separated by permanent or electric fences, and access of animals to water and shelter must be guaranteed, particularly in extreme conditions (hot, cold, wind or rain). A simple approach is a three week rest, three day graze rotation, in combination with adaptions to suit the conditions of the season. However, this management may be optimised with shorter stays of the animals in the paddock (one day or even hours). The resting period is dictated by the grass growing conditions: as grass growth slows (or desired grazing duration decreases), more paddocks need to be brought into the rotation to increase the rest period and achieve target pre-grazing heights (from 15-24 days in spring to more than 80-100 days in less favorable conditions, such as summer in dry areas or winter)

El pastoreo rotativo implica el manejo de la explotación en pequeñas parcelas, combinados con movimientos frecuentes de los animales para reducir el desperdicio de hierba y proporcionar el descanso necesario para el pasto. El pastoreo intensivo seguido de un período de descanso suficiente conduce a una mayor utilización del pasto, una mejor calidad y un mayor rendimiento. Esto significa que la carga ganadera se puede aumentar con un bajo coste adicional. El pastoreo rotativo se puede implementar en cualquier condición tanto ambiental como de recursos de pastoreo disponibles; sin embargo, la duración del tiempo de reposo del pasto depende de las condiciones agroclimáticas (temperatura, precipitación, etc.) y del tipo de pasto (natural, mejorado, etc.). La planificación preliminar del pastoreo es crucial para tratar de ajustar el tiempo de descanso a la tasa de crecimiento de la hierba. El plan debe ir ajustándose a lo largo del año para reaccionar ante el cambio en el crecimiento del pasto. La distribución de los prados y el acceso deben diseñarse para tratar de evitar el paso de animales a traves de parcelas previamente pastoreadas. Los prados deben estar separados por vallado permanente o eléctrico, y se debe garantizar el acceso de los animales a agua y refugio, especialmente en condiciones extremas (calor, frío, viento o lluvia). Un enfoque simple es el de 3 días de pastoreo y tres semanas de descanso, en combinación con adaptaciones para responder a las condiciones de la temporada. Sin embargo, esta gestión puede optimizarse con estancias más cortas de los animales en la parcela (un día o incluso horas). El período de reposo deberia depender de las condiciones de crecimiento del pasto: a medida que la tasa de crecimiento del pasto disminuye (o la duración de pastoreo deseada disminuye), es necesario introducir más parcelas en la rotación para aumentar el periodo de descanso y alcanzar las alturas de hierba requeridas (de 15 a 24 días en primavera a más de 80-100 días en condiciones menos favorables, como verano en zonas secas o en invierno)

The methods used to induce and/or synchronize the oestrus of sheep can be classified as natural (ram effect) or pharmacological. The pharmacological methods are more effective, although more expensive. As a result of oestrus synchronization, artificial insemination can be planned and implemented.

The ram effcet: The presence of the rams can stimulate ovulation of ewes through chemosensory cues due to the pheromones present in the ram’s fleece. It may not be effective enough with females in deep anoestrus. Otherwise, the ram effect helps to advance the start of the breeding season by several weeks, and can improve the efficacy of oestrus synchronisation or induction as well, between 19 and 25 days after the males introduction. It is a useful alternative for organic farming, which does not allow the utilisation of hormones.

Prostaglandin F2α: This method can only be used to control or manage the ovarian cycle within the breeding season, and requires the use of 2 injections of prostaglandins separated 9-10 days for optimum synchronization.

Melatonin implants cause a short day-like response by lengthening the duration of the melatonin signal. Elevated blood concentrations of melatonin for at least five weeks are necessary to advance the start of the breeding season; the melatonin treatment is usually implemented together with other techniques, such as the ram effect or sponges, principally.

Progestagen: is a synthetic hormone which produces a similar effect to progesterone, can be administered by different methods, but the most useful is through intravaginal sponges inserted into the vagina and remain for 12-14 days. Progestagen must be supplemented at the time of the removal of the sponges with a follicle stimulating treatment (eCG), to induce follicular growth, oestrus (heat) and ovulation. Ewes begin to come into oestrus from around 24 to 48 hours after sponge removal, and the ovulation occurs around 36 and 60 hours after sponge removal. Artificial insemination can be performed with this protocol at 55 hours after removal of the sponges.

Pogesterone: produces better quality oocytes and is considered to be cleaner and more hygienic, since the withdrawal of the CIDRs is not accompanied by the fluid discharge which occurs with the sponges

Los métodos utilizados para inducir y / o sincronizar el celo de las ovejas se pueden clasificar como naturales (efecto macho) o farmacológico. Los métodos farmacológicos son más efectivos, aunque más costosos. Como resultado de la sincronización del celo, se puede planificar e implementar la inseminación artificial.

El efecto macho: la presencia de los carneros puede estimular la ovulación de las ovejas a través de señales quimiosensoriales debido a las feromonas presentes en el vellón del carnero. Puede que no sea lo suficientemente eficaz con las hembras en anoestro profundo. De lo contrario, el efecto macho ayuda a adelantar el inicio de la temporada de reproducción varias semanas y puede mejorar la eficacia de la sincronización o inducción del estro, entre 19 y 25 días después de la introducción de los machos. Es una alternativa útil para la agricultura ecológica, que no permite la utilización de hormonas.

Prostaglandina F2α: este método solo se puede usar para controlar o administrar el ciclo ovárico dentro de la temporada de reproducción y requiere el uso de 2 inyecciones de prostaglandinas separadas de 9 a 10 días para una sincronización óptima.

Los implantes de melatonina causan una respuesta parecida a los días cortos al alargar la duración de la señal de melatonina. Las concentraciones elevadas de melatonina en la sangre durante al menos cinco semanas son necesarias para adelantar el inicio de la temporada de reproducción; El tratamiento con melatonina generalmente se implementa junto con otras técnicas, como el efecto macho o las esponjas, principalmente.

Progestágeno: es una hormona sintética que produce un efecto similar a la progesterona, puede administrarse por diferentes métodos, pero el más útil es a través de esponjas intravaginales que se insertan en la vagina y permanecen durante 12 a 14 días. El progestágeno debe complementarse en el momento de la extracción de las esponjas con un tratamiento de estimulación del folículo (eCG), para inducir el crecimiento folicular, el estro (celo) y la ovulación. Las ovejas comienzan a entrar en celo alrededor de las 24 a 48 horas posteriores a la extracción de la esponja, y la ovulación se produce alrededor de las 36 y 60 horas posteriores a la eliminación de la esponja. La inseminación artificial se puede realizar con este protocolo 55 horas después de retirar las esponjas.

Pogesterona: produce ovocitos de mejor calidad y se considera más limpio e higiénico, ya que la extracción de los CIDR no se acompaña de la descarga de fluidos que se produce con las esponjas

Just after lambing, the sheep and lamb have to be properly identified, and several practices have to be implemented in order to guarantee the health and welfare of the newborn lamb, such as the disinfection of the navel, the injection of vitamins and minerals. These practices require the systematic availability of certain tools and products: identification tags, spray can, syringes etc. The utilization of an easy-to-carry portable device, such as the multipocket belt that Jesus uses, allows keeping all this material together, taking them confortably to the site where it is required, and using them in an efficient and effective way.

Justo después del parto, las ovejas y el cordero deben identificarse adecuadamente y deben implementarse varias prácticas para garantizar la salud y el bienestar del cordero recién nacido, como la desinfección del ombligo, la inyección de vitaminas y minerales. Estas prácticas requieren la disponibilidad sistemática de ciertas herramientas y productos: crotales de identificación, latas de aerosol, jeringas, etc. La utilización de un dispositivo portátil fácil de transportar, como el cinturón de bricolaje con múltiples bolsillos que usan algunos ganaderos, permite mantener todo este material unido, llevarlo de manera cómoda al sitio donde se requiera, y trabajar de una manera eficiente y efectiva.

Just after lambing, the sheep and lamb have to be properly identified, and several practices have to be implemented in order to guarantee the health and welfare of the newborn lamb, such as the disinfection of the navel. Particularly within the framework of breeding schemes and recording programs, the filiation of the lamb is crucial, and the sex and weight of the lamb is recorded. These practices require the systematic availability of certain tools and products: scales, identification tags, spray can, etc. The utilization of an easy-to-carry portable device, such as a tray, allows keeping all this material together, taking them confortably to the site where it is required, and using them in an efficient and effective way. The tray can also be placed upon the barriers within the barn, and to take other tools or products for other management practices.

Justo después del parto, las ovejas y el cordero deben identificarse adecuadamente y deben implementarse varias prácticas para garantizar la salud y el bienestar del cordero recién nacido, tales como la desinfección del ombligo. Particularmente en el marco de los esquemas de mejora genética y los programas de control de rendimientos, el control de la genealogías y la filiación del cordero es crucial, y se registra el sexo y el peso del cordero. Estas prácticas requieren la disponibilidad sistemática de ciertas herramientas y productos: balanza, crotal de identificación, botes de aerosol, etc. La utilización de un dispositivo portátil fácil de transportar, como una bandeja, permite mantener todo este material junto, llevándolos cómodamente al sitio donde se requiera, y su uso de manera eficiente y efectiva. La bandeja se puede colocar sobre las barreras dentro del establo e incorporar otras pequeñas herramientas o productos para otras prácticas de manejo.

Sometimes, lambs born from multiple lambings are refused by their mothers, and as a result they lack of suitable care and attention which may end up in lamb mortality. It is also commonly stated for some yearlings after their first lambing, or in sheep that have particularly suffered during lambing.



Whenever they notice, some farmers try to recall the attention of sheep for these initially refused lambs. To do so, shepherds try to modify the smell and flavor of the outer layer of the lamb by spreading salt, perfume, or the remainings of placenta or amniotic liquid, or some other fragrant agent.



This solution may also be used to facilitate the adoption of a lamb born from another sheep

Algunas veces, los corderos nacidos de partos múltiples son rechazados por sus madres, y como resultado carecen de la atención adecuada, lo que puede terminar en la mortalidad de los corderos. También es común en algunas ovejas jóvenes después de su primer parto, o en ovejas que han sufrido especialmente durante el parto.



Cuando lo detectan, algunos granjeros intentan llamar la atención de las ovejas hacia estos corderos inicialmente rechazados. Para hacerlo, los pastores intentan modificar el olor y el sabor de la superficie exterior del cordero extendiendo sal, perfume o los restos de placenta o líquido amniótico, o algún otro agente fragante.



Esta solución también se puede utilizar para facilitar la adopción de un cordero nacido de otra oveja.

Lambs must learn to eat forage and concentrates, and to drink water before being weaned in order to mitigate stress associated and to develop properly. The utilization of a barrier to limit temporarily the access of the lambs to their mothers, forces them to learn to drink and to eat solid feedstuff. This barrier also facilitates the passage of sheep to the milking parlour at least once a day to maintain the udder in the best hygienic and physiological conditions.

Antes de ser destetados, los corderos deben aprender a comer forraje y concentrados, y a beber agua, para así mitigar el estrés asociado al destete y poder desarrollarse de manera adecuada. La utilización de una barrera para limitar temporalmente el acceso de los corderos a sus madres, los obliga a aprender a beber y a comer alimentos sólidos. Esta barrera también facilita el paso de las ovejas a la sala de ordeño al menos una vez al día para mantener la ubre en las mejores condiciones higiénicas y fisiológicas.

Handling newborn lambs usually involves the performance of several operations that require having several tools available, and taking many animals, which at the end of the lambing season makes it a hard work. A tripod has been designed to hold the lamb; it has two lateral trays that allow placing all the necessary material thar is required, in order to be easily accessible for the farmer to perform all the necessary practices: lambs identification, navel disinfection, application of vitamins and selenium, etc. Therefore, the tripod allows implementing all the management practices required for newborn lambs in a simple, more comfortable and efficient way.

El manejo de los corderos recién nacidos generalmente implica la realización de varias operaciones que requieren tener varias herramientas disponibles y manejar muchos animales, lo que al final de la temporada de partos hace que sea un trabajo duro. Un trípode ha sido diseñado para sostener el cordero; tiene dos bandejas laterales que permiten colocar todo el material necesario requerido para que el ganadero pueda realizar fácilmente todas las prácticas: identificación de corderos, desinfección del ombligo, aplicación de vitaminas y selenio, etc. Por lo tanto, el trípode permite implementar de una manera simple, más cómoda y eficiente, todas las prácticas de manejo requeridas por los corderos recién nacidos.

Depending on the facilities available and flock size, ultrasound scanning for pregancy diagnosis in sheep may take several hours. In addition, it may involve adopting unconfortable and tiring positions for the technician. A drawer has been designed to be placed at the end of the sheep handling race: the sheep enters the drawer, which allows the lateral movement of the sheep, and thus to be placed in a more easily accesible position for the technician. Therefore, the mobile drawer allows the realization of ultrasound scanning in a large number of sheep in a more comfortable, efficient and fast way.

Dependiendo de las instalaciones disponibles y el tamaño del rebaño, la realización de ecografías para el diagnóstico de gestación en ovejas puede llevar varias horas. Además, puede implicar la adopción de posiciones incómodas y agotadoras para el técnico. Se ha diseñado un cajón para colocarlo al final de la manga de manejo de las ovejas: la oveja entra en el cajón, lo que permite el movimiento lateral de la oveja y, por lo tanto, se coloca en una posición más accesible para el técnico. Por lo tanto, el cajón móvil permite la realización de ecografías en un gran número de ovejas de una manera más cómoda, eficiente y rápida.

High levels of flock management require high levels of record keeping and animal identification. There are many options to improve ewe identification such as marking the final four digits of the ewes ear tag on her side to enable identification from a distance e.g. for outdoor lambing. Another helpful tool is the use of a cull tag system where a cull tag is applied when an issue (eg lambing difficulty, poor mothering ability, mastitis) arises as many problems are hard to detect subsequently. A cull tag ensures that a ewe will be easily identified at culling as marking ewes for culling with spray paint may not be identifiable at culling as the marking wears off/disappears with time. Another option for identifying different sheep is the use of coloured discs which are placed between the tag and the ear and can be used to identify many things such as year of birth, genotype or sire.

High levels of flock management require high levels of record keeping and animal identification. There are many options to improve ewe identification such as marking the final four digits of the ewes ear tag on her side to enable identification from a distance e.g. for outdoor lambing. Another helpful tool is the use of a cull tag system where a cull tag is applied when an issue (eg lambing difficulty, poor mothering ability, mastitis) arises as many problems are hard to detect subsequently. A cull tag ensures that a ewe will be easily identified at culling as marking ewes for culling with spray paint may not be identifiable at culling as the marking wears off/disappears with time. Another option for identifying different sheep is the use of coloured discs which are placed between the tag and the ear and can be used to identify many things such as year of birth, genotype or sire.

Creep grazing increases lamb weaning weight by up to 2 kg. A creep grazing gate is used to enable lambs to forward graze ahead of the ewes. Forward grazing the lambs allows lambs access to fresh grass in the next paddock in the rotation and ewes to graze their current paddock to lower sward height without compromising lamb performance. The creep gate is portable and is placed in an existing gate way allowing only lambs to pass through. The creep gate spaces are 23 cm wide which ensures only lambs can pass through and the gate is 1.2 meters high to prevent ewe from jumping over it. The creep gate is moved from paddock to paddock with the flock.

Creep grazing increases lamb weaning weight by up to 2 kg. A creep grazing gate is used to enable lambs to forward graze ahead of the ewes. Forward grazing the lambs allows lambs access to fresh grass in the next paddock in the rotation and ewes to graze their current paddock to lower sward height without compromising lamb performance. The creep gate is portable and is placed in an existing gate way allowing only lambs to pass through. The creep gate spaces are 23 cm wide which ensures only lambs can pass through and the gate is 1.2 meters high to prevent ewe from jumping over it. The creep gate is moved from paddock to paddock with the flock.

Rotational grazing is important to ensure the flock have access to fresh grass that is highly palatable. An issue with rotational grazing is the high infrastructure costs associated with subdividing paddocks with fences and having a water supply for each paddock. One solution is to use a portable water supply which holds up to 1000 litres of water and can be easily moved using a quad bike, 4x4 or tractor following the flock as they move. Having a portable water supply enables more paddocks to be created as required for optimum grassland and flock management. This portable water supply can also be used where land is fragmented and each paddock does not have a water supply.

Rotational grazing is important to ensure the flock have access to fresh grass that is highly palatable. An issue with rotational grazing is the high infrastructure costs associated with subdividing paddocks with fences and having a water supply for each paddock. One solution is to use a portable water supply which holds up to 1000 litres of water and can be easily moved using a quad bike, 4x4 or tractor following the flock as they move. Having a portable water supply enables more paddocks to be created as required for optimum grassland and flock management. This portable water supply can also be used where land is fragmented and each paddock does not have a water supply.

A consequence of a high litter size is surplus lambs. These lambs can be artificially reared, sold or fostered to a single bearing ewe or a ewe whose lamb/lambs has died at birth. One of the most successful methods of cross fostering is wet fostering. The first step is to ensure the ewe has adequate milk to rear the lamb prior to fostering. When the single bearing ewe starts to lamb collect some birth fluids in a container. Wash the lamb to be fostered in warm salty water paying special attention to the head, neck and rear end. Dry the lamb with a towel and tie the four legs together using zip ties to restrict movement thus mimicing a new born lamb. Wash the lamb in the birth fluids paying special attention to the head, neck and rear end. Palpate the ewe to mimic the birth of a second lamb. Allow the ewe to lick the foster lamb first to ensure a good ewe-lamb bond. Make sure the new born lamb gets sufficient colostrum and then unbind the legs of the foster lamb.

: A consequence of a high litter size is surplus lambs. These lambs can be artificially reared, sold or fostered to a single bearing ewe or a ewe whose lamb/lambs has died at birth. One of the most successful methods of cross fostering is wet fostering. The first step is to ensure the ewe has adequate milk to rear the lamb prior to fostering. When the single bearing ewe starts to lamb collect some birth fluids in a container. Wash the lamb to be fostered in warm salty water paying special attention to the head, neck and rear end. Dry the lamb with a towel and tie the four legs together using zip ties to restrict movement thus mimicing a new born lamb. Wash the lamb in the birth fluids paying special attention to the head, neck and rear end. Palpate the ewe to mimic the birth of a second lamb. Allow the ewe to lick the foster lamb first to ensure a good ewe-lamb bond. Make sure the new born lamb gets sufficient colostrum and then unbind the legs of the foster lamb.





More information : http://www.sheepnet.network/node/210

When ewes are all together in the shed at lambing, it is important sometimes to isolate lambing ewes rapidly and efficiently. A farmer has a clever system to isolate ewes at lambing time in his shed. He has three standard hurdles attached to each others with twine. They can be folded/unfolded rapidly to isolate the animal with minimum stress and handling.

When ewes are all together in the shed at lambing, it is important sometimes to isolate lambing ewes rapidly and efficiently. A farmer has a clever system to isolate ewes at lambing time in his shed. He has three standard hurdles attached to each others with twine. They can be folded/unfolded rapidly to isolate the animal with minimum stress and handling.

To deal with the very low temperatures experienced in Northern Europe and Canadian winters, heated drinkers can be installed in the shed. This will prevent freezing and ensure that sheep always have access to fresh water, without the need for manual clearing of ice.

To deal with the very low temperatures experienced in Northern Europe and Canadian winters, heated drinkers can be installed in the shed. This will prevent freezing and ensure that sheep always have access to fresh water, without the need for manual clearing of ice.

If a farmer has a high prolificacy flock, there is a risk that large numbers of lambs need additional feeding. To make this as simple as possible, one farmer has designed ‘lamb feeding boxes’, where cold or sick lambs can be maintained out of drafts and easily fed from a bottle until they are able to join the nursery pen. These boxes are plastic crates, with a lamb bottle attached to their side, and straw to line the bottom.

If a farmer has a high prolificacy flock, there is a risk that large numbers of lambs need additional feeding. To make this as simple as possible, one farmer has designed ‘lamb feeding boxes’, where cold or sick lambs can be maintained out of drafts and easily fed from a bottle until they are able to join the nursery pen. These boxes are plastic crates, with a lamb bottle attached to their side, and straw to line the bottom.

At lambing time, it is useful to store colostrum in case of need. One way to store the exact amount of colostrum needed for the lambs, without any wastage, is to use freezer bags (for expressed baby milk) with gauges on it. Small baby bottles can also be used. Defreezing is fast (in hot water) and farmers can be sure that the exact amount needed is given to the lamb.

At lambing time, it is useful to store colostrum in case of need. One way to store the exact amount of colostrum needed for the lambs, without any wastage, is to use freezer bags (for expressed baby milk) with gauges on it. Small baby bottles can also be used. Defreezing is fast (in hot water) and farmers can be sure that the exact amount needed is given to the lamb.

The Super crook is a shepherd crook with a spring mechanism at its end. It can be used as an immobiliser by locking the animal's legs together. This is useful for outdoor lambers at lambing time as it enables the shepherd to deal with lambing issues, collect colostrum and make any treatments with ease, without another member of staff.

The Super crook is a shepherd crook with a spring mechanism at its end. It can be used as an immobiliser by locking the animal's legs together. This is useful for outdoor lambers at lambing time as it enables the shepherd to deal with lambing issues, collect colostrum and make any treatments with ease, without another member of staff.

Moving sheep into a shed or a handling race can be stressful. Using a plastic bag on a stick or a flag to move sheep means the animals are less fearful from loud noises and can be moved calmly through the handling pens. Pens can also be designed so that sheep move from dark spaces into lighter areas whenever possible so they want to move in the right direction to get through the system.

Moving sheep into a shed or a handling race can be stressful. Using a plastic bag on a stick or a flag to move sheep means the animals are less fearful from loud noises and can be moved calmly through the handling pens. Pens can also be designed so that sheep move from dark spaces into lighter areas whenever possible so they want to move in the right direction to get through the system.

Moving animals on your own can be challenging for the farmer and stressful for the animals. This Australian farmer has a revolving moving gate that allows him to put his sheep through the race without stressing the animals. It also allows him to move the sheep faster, and on his own if necessary. There is a video link to demonstrate how it works: http://www.sheepnet.network/node/160

Moving animals on your own can be challenging for the farmer and stressful for the animals. This Australian farmer has a revolving moving gate that allows him to put his sheep through the race without stressing the animals. It also allows him to move the sheep faster, and on his own if necessary. There is a video link to demonstrate how it works: http://www.sheepnet.network/node/160

It is well known that the optimal preparation of the ram produces good fertility results. Two-three months before the mating season the following steps should be adopted: veterinary check of the reproductive apparatus: testis, penis and with a trans rectal echography the urethral bulb glands; veterinary semen evaluation especially if you buy a new ram: let the ram mounts an ewe on heat and then collect the semen from the vagina with a speculum, dilute (1:1) with commercial semen media (Ovixcell) and evaluate it with a microscope; evaluation of ram’s libido: bring to the ram a female on heat and observe its sexual behaviour, if the male comes close and mounts the female within a few minutes then the test is positive; evaluation of body condition score in order to modulate the ration; if feasible, ask the veterinary to take sample of faeces to control parasite infestations; control of hoofs trim a few weeks before the mating period; isolation of males (8 weeks before mating period) from females in a separate pen, far from sight, hearing and smell. Prerequisites for the success of this protocol are: specific areas for male isolation, technicians and veterinarians with sufficient expertise on male and semen evaluation. A limit of the protocol is the increase of costs due to the veterinarian assistance.

E’ ben noto che una preparazione ottimale di un ariete produce buoni risultati di fertilità. Due-tre mesi prima della stagione di monta dovrebbero eseguiti i seguenti passaggi: controllo veterinario dell’apparato riproduttivo: testicoli, pene e con una ecografia trans-retale, le ghiandole bulbo-uretrali; valutazione veterinaria del seme, particolarmente nel caso di un nuovo ariete acquistato: lasciate saltare una pecora in calore e quindi raccogliete il seme dalla vagina con uno speculum, diluitelo (1:1) con un medium commerciale (Ovixcell) e valutatelo con un microscopio; valutazione della libido dell’ariete: porta una pecora in caldo all’ariete e osserva il suo comportamento sessuale, se l’ariete si avvicina alla pecora e la salta entro pochi minuti allora il test è positivo; valutazione della nota di stato corporeo per aggiustare la razione; se possibile chiedi al veterinario di raccogliere un campione di feci per controllare il livello di infestione da parassiti; controlla che le unghie vengano tagliate alcune settimane prima della monta; isola gli arieti dalle femmine otto settimane prima della monta in recinti separati, lontano dalla vista, udito e olfatto. Prerequisiti per il successo di questo protocollo sono: aree specifiche per l’isolamento dei maschi, tecnici e veterinari con una sufficiente esperienza sulla valutazione dei maschi e del seme. Un limite del protocollo è il maggior costo legato alla assistenza veterinaria.

Before the lambing period: plan the mating season and estimate the lambing date through ultrasound scanning, visual identification of the mounts through the use of crayons, use vasectomized rams and bring the ewe to the box of the single ram; avoid planning farming operations (soil ploughing and sowings, ...) in the period when most of the ewes are lambing; make groups of ewes based on the estimated lambing date to avoid the management of an excessive number of lambings in the same group and period; manage the group of ewes close to lambing always near the shed; arrange individual boxes or small pens to shelter the ewes close to lambing taking care of the cleanliness and safety of the animals; constantly monitor the ewes close to lambing, also during the night, to ensure the presence of the farmer in case of critical condition during lambing. 2) During the lambing period: avoid disturbance by the staff or other ewes to the group of lambing ewes by isolating them in small pens or single boxes or removing invasive ewes; constriction of the mother and lamb in a single box in the case of rejection of the lamb. The structure must allow the mother to smell the lamb but must not allow her to hit him; apply alphanumeric identification tags on the lamb's neck; use colored crayons to identify lambs and their mothers with special signs (visual signaling); use a "lambings booklet" to note: date of lambing, identification number tag and corresponding mother’s identification number; use collars of different colors to identify the most valuable lambs.

Prima del periodo di parto: pianificare la stagione dei salti e stimare la data del parto attraverso le ecografie, l'identificazione visiva dei salti attraverso l’uso dei pastelli, utilizzare gli arieti vasectomizzati e portare la pecora al box dell’ariete singolo; evitare di pianificare le operazioni aziendali (aratura del suolo e semina, ...) nel periodo in cui la maggior parte delle pecore partoriscono; creare gruppi di pecore sulla base della data stimata di parto per evitare la gestione di un numero eccessivo di parti nello stesso gruppo e periodo; gestire il gruppo di pecore vicino al parto sempre vicino al capanno; organizzare singoli box o piccoli recinti per riparare le pecore vicine al parto avendo cura della pulizia e della sicurezza degli animali; monitorare costantemente le pecore vicine al parto, anche durante la notte, per assicurare la presenza dell'agricoltore in caso di condizioni critiche durante il parto. 2) Durante il periodo di parto: evitare il disturbo da parte dello staff o altre pecore al gruppo di pecore prossime al parto isolandole in piccoli recinti o singoli box o rimuovendo le pecore invasive; costrizione della madre e dell'agnello in un box singolo in caso di rifiuto dell'agnello. La struttura deve permettere alla madre di sentire l'odore dell'agnello, ma non deve permetterle di colpirlo; applicare etichette identificative alfanumeriche sul collo dell'agnello; utilizzare pastelli colorati per identificare gli agnelli e le loro madri con segni speciali (segnalazione visiva); utilizzare un "libretto dei parti" per annotare: data del parto, numero di identificazione e numero di identificazione della madre corrispondente; utilizzare collari di diverso colore per identificare gli agnelli di maggior valore.

Lupin is an excellent supplement for “focus feeding" sheep at mating. In case of synchronized heats, feeding with 400-500 g/d of lupin seed from day 9-11 to day 14 of the ovarian cycle is beneficial to enhance prolificacy of Sarda ewes even within the optimal BCS range between 2.5 and 3.0. Unfortunately lupin, and in particular white lupin (Lupinus albus), can be unpalatable to the sheep because of the high content of alkaloids which give a bitter taste to the seeds. A practical and easy way of estimating lupin seed palatability to sheep is tasting them to identify varieties with the most bitter taste.

Il lupino è un eccellente supplemento per l’ ”alimentazione mirata” delle pecore all’accoppiamento. Nel caso che i calori siano sincronizzati, la somministrazione di 400-500 g/die di semi di lupino dal 9-11° giorno al 14° giorno del ciclo ovarico può essere utile per migliorare la prolificità della pecora Sarda con BCS che varia tra 2,5 e 3,0. Sfortunatamente il lupino, e in particolare il lupino bianco (Lupinus albus) può essere sgradevole alle pecore a causa dell’alto contenuto di alcaloidi che danno un gusto amaro ai semi. Un sistema pratico e veloce per stimare la gradevolezza dei semi di lupino è assaggiarli per identificare le varietà con i semi più amari.

Detection of mounts during the mating period is crucial for sheep farmers to plan lambings. The traditional method used by Sardinian farmers consists in marking the chest of rams with a crayon. In this way the ram when mounts the ewe marks the rump of the ewe. So, the farmer is able to identify the mounted ewes through visual detection. Usually, to easily record the exact date of the mount, the farmer applies a thin rope on the neck of the mounted ewe to avoid the recording of ewes already mounted. Ii is also easy buying a harness with a fixed crayon to fix on the chest of the ram which avoids frequent refreshing. It is particularly suited to “old” farmers suffering from backache. In order to increase the precision of detection of “true” mounts, some farmers mark the ram’s foreskin. In this case, the crayon mark have to be refreshed frequently.

L’identificazione dei salti durante il periodo di monta è cruciale per l’allevatore di ovini per poter pianificare i parti. Il metodo tradizionale utilizzato dagli allevatori sardi implica che gli arieti siano marcati nel petto con un pastello. In questo modo l’ariete quando salta la pecora lascia un segno sulla sua groppa. Così l’allevatore può identificare visivamente le pecore saltate. Di solito, per registrare facilmente l’esatta data del salto di una pecora, l’allevatore lega un sottile spago al collo della pecora saltata per evitare di registrare nuovamente la pecora il giorno successivo. E’ anche facile acquistare un imbrago dotato di pastello da fissare al petto dell’ariete per evitare di dover rinfrescare frequentemente il petto dell’arieti. Al fine di aumentare la precisione dell’identificazione delle pecore “veramente” saltate, l’allevatore può marchiare il prepuzio dell’ariete. In questo caso, il segno col pastello va rinfrescato molto più frequentemente.

Data recording in sheep is hard and costly. The recent spread of EID and smartphones among farmers makes now feasible the combined use of these tools for an easy data recording. The Sementusa network developed an application able to automatically record the animal ID on the smartphone memory. After this step many applications may be developed to digit and possibly elaborate individual data such as BCS, udder score, health problems and scanning results. As an example the Sementusa network developed an application to storage and elaborate individual data to manage the reproduction and lambing period of the flock using simply a smartphone.

La registrazione di dati negli ovine risulta difficile e costosa. La recente diffusione dell’identificazione elettronica e degli smartphone fra gli allevatori consente di combinare l’utilizzo di questi strumenti per una facile registrazione dei dati. Il network Sementusa ha sviluppato un applicazione che consente di registrare automaticamente l’identificativo di un animale sulla memoria del telefonino. Una volta acquisito questo dato possono essere sviluppate molte applicazioni per digitare e possibilmente anche elaborare dati individuali come per esempio il BCS, la valutazione mammaria, interventi sanitari e i risultati dell’ecografia per la diagnosi di gravidanza. Come esempio, il network Sementusa ha sviluppato una applicazione che consente di archiviare e elaborare dati individuali per la gestione della riproduzione e del periodo dei parti del gregge utilizzando semplicemente uno smartphone.

After birth, the lambs must suck quickly the colostrum to expel the meconium, and to gain a supply of energy and immunity. To avoid the risk of insufficient amount of colostrum, Éric St Geniez always has a stock of cow colostrum in the freezer. Colostrum is packaged in 1-liter bottles (freezer packaging can also be done with ice-cube bags) that are thawed, if necessary, in a water-bath. It is then given at will in a bottle to lambs that require it.

Après la naissance, les agneaux doivent téter rapidement du colostrum pour expulser le méconium, et avoir un apport d’énergie et d’immunité. Pour pallier à tout risque de manque de colostrum, Éric St Geniez a toujours un stock de colostrum de vache au congélateur. Le colostrum est conditionné dans des bouteilles de 1 litre (le conditionnement au congélateur peut aussi se faire avec des poches à glaçon) et est décongelé, en cas de besoin, au bain-marie. Il est ensuite fourni à volonté au biberon aux agneaux le nécessitant.

The barn used for lambing has been equipped with a video surveillance system. This allows Nathalie and Thierry to remotely monitor their ewes during the lambing season either from their computer at home or anywhere with a smartphone. The installation of the camera in 2016 was experienced as a real improvement for both working conditions and ewes monitoring. Thierry and Nathalie believe this upgraded monitoring has reduced lamb mortality by over 2% thanks to earlier interventions. Camera cost : 5 000 € including VAT.

La caméra de surveillance est placée dans la bergerie servant aux agnelages. Elle permet à Nathalie et Thierry une observation à distance des brebis pendant la période d’agnelage : sur ordinateur dans leur maison ou de n’importe où avec un Smartphone. L’installation de la caméra en 2016 a été ressentie comme un réel atout pour le confort de travail, mais aussi pour assurer une meilleure observation des brebis. Thierry et Nathalie estiment que cette observation facilitée a permis de réduire la mortalité des agneaux de plus de 2 % grâce à des interventions plus précoces. Coût de la caméra : 5 000 € TTC.

When driving the ewe and its litter to an individual pen just after lambs birth, Bruno Alyarac marks the lamb(s) and the ewe on their back with a color pen and quenches the lamb umbilical cord in iodine tincture. Given that lambings take place in different pens all over the sheepfold, Bruno Alyarac has bought a storage belt, kind of carpenter satchel, to always handle at his fingertips the marker pen and the iodine tincture bottle.

Juste après la naissance des agneaux, lors de la mise en case, Bruno Alyarac marque l’agneau et la brebis au crayon marqueur et trempe le cordon ombilical dans de la teinture d’iode. Étant donné que les agnelages se font dans différents parcs sur l’ensemble de la bergerie, Bruno Alyarac s’est doté d’une ceinture de rangement (type charpentier) pour avoir toujours à portée de main le crayon marqueur et le flacon de teinture d’iode.

In Bruno Alayrac’s farm, all lambs are ear-tagged 2 days after birth and rubber bands are applied to the tail of females. These operations require to have numerous tools and hardware at hand : an electronic ID stick reader, a smartphone to record births, ear-tags, healing cream for ears, docking bands, ear-tag and band pliers. Therefore, Bruno Alayrac has crafted an « ID-box » where all necessary equipment is arranged at hand and wedged not to move during transport and handling. The box is equipped with handles allowing to hang it on the gate of the lambing stall.

Chez cet éleveur, à deux jours d’âge, tous les agneaux sont bouclés et un élastique est posé sur la queue des femelles. Ces opérations nécessitent d’avoir à portée de main de nombreux outils et matériel : bâton de lecture des boucles électroniques, Smartphone pour l’enregistrement des naissances, boucles, crème cicatrisante pour les oreilles, élastiques, pinces pour le bouclage et la pose des élastiques. Pour cela, Bruno Alayrac s’est confectionné une caisse « d’identification » où tout le nécessaire est disponible, rangé à une place précise, calé pour ne pas bouger lors de son transport et des manipulations. Cette caisse est dotée d’anses pour l’accrocher aux claies des cases d’agnelage.

This metallic rack system for sheep hurdles allows to attach a sheep hurdle anywhere on a crosspiece and thus to fit whatever lot size. This provide the possibility to make small size groups to ajust optimally the ration to the animals’ needs. So, for instance, pregnant ewes with single lambs, twins or triplets can be easily separated. The mechanism is simple and light. Two attach systems and a linking stake allows to make a separation. At Melanie’s, the sheep hurdles are hung from the walls of the sheep shed and the rack systems are stored nearby. This system is easily reproducible by a handyman.

Cet accroche claie en métal permet de fixer une claie à n’importe quel endroit d’une barre d’auge et ainsi d’adapter la taille des lots à la demande. Cela autorise la réalisation de petits lots et ainsi d’ajuster au mieux la ration aux besoins des animaux. Par exemple, les brebis gestantes de simples, doubles ou triples peuvent ainsi être facilement séparées. Le mécanisme est simple et léger. Deux accroche claies et une fiche de liaison permettent de réaliser une séparation. Chez Mélanie, les claies sont accrochées au mur de la bergerie et les accroche claies rangés à proximité. Le système est facilement reproductible par un bon bricoleur.

This trick has already been implemented in several farms and aims at identifying a lamb temporarily without the use of marker sprays which may persist for too long. This trick use rubber joints for preserve jars (conserver joints) that can easily put on and removed from the lamb neck. Any useful information can be noted on the rubber joint with a permanent marker. These trick can be used to identify lambs that have been removed from their mother before their ear tags have been put on (weak lambs that need to be placed in a warming box, adopted lambs…), or lambs that need any specific care. For instance for lambs that need a medical treatment, information regarding the drugs, dose and regimen can be written on it. Rubber joints can also help to spot artificially reared lambs that do not manage to suck on their own.

The rubber joint is then removed once the lamb does not require any further particular attention.



Rubber joint for preserve jars are available in every supermarket, with best size 85-90 mm in diameter. They are moreover reusable, and can be easily disinfected in boiled water.

Cette astuce, qui est déjà utilisée par plusieurs éleveurs, permet d’identifier un jeune agneau de façon non pérenne contrairement à la craie ou à la peinture. Cela peut être le cas par exemple pour un agneau retiré de sa mère très précocement et avant qu’il ne soit identifié (agneau refroidi, refusé…). Cela peut aussi être utilisé pour repérer un agneau dans un lot (traitement à faire…). Pour les agneaux élevés à la louve, certains éleveurs utilisent cette méthode pour identifier les agneaux qui ne savent pas encore téter tout seul à la tétine. Cela évite de faire lever tous les agneaux pour vérifier lorsqu’il y en a beaucoup. Une fois qu’ils savent, l’élastique est enlevé.

Ce type d’élastique se trouve dans toutes les grandes surfaces et c’est le modèle le plus courant (bocaux d’un litre). Les élastiques sont réutilisés et peuvent être désinfectés si besoin en les faisant bouillir.

With this simple and inexpensive device to put in place, lambs no longer have access to the feed bunk. On farms, lambs often cross the feeding fence, sometimes as early as at 15 days of age. As a consequence, fodder gets dirty, lambs run in front of tractors distributing food and do not always go back their initial pen, which can create below-average performances or may lead to mortality.

The construction made by this farmer is aesthetic, quiet and particularly effective. It is inexpensive: 1.5 € per place on feeding fence not counting labour. The sheep lifts up the tube to have access to food. Even at the end of lactation, lambs do not pass through without having cleaned the pen.

Avec cette astuce simple à mettre en place et peu couteuse, les agneaux ne se promènent plus dans le couloir d’alimentation en passant par les cornadis. Dans de nombreuses exploitations, les agneaux passent en effet au travers des cornadis, parfois dès 15 jours d’âge. Ils souillent alors le fourrage, courent devant les tracteurs qui distribuent et ne réintégrent pas toujours leur lot d’orgine, ce qui peut créer des contre performances voir de la mortalité.

L’aménagement réalisé par cet éleveur est esthétique, silencieux et particulièrement efficace. Il est peu couteux : 1,5€ par place de cornadis sans compter la main œuvre. Les brebis soulèvent le tube pour aller manger. Et même en fin de lactation, les agneaux ne passent pas sans avoir curé le parc.

The concept with the drone is that,to monitor and observe any issue on the farm /or around property that otherwise would't be easy to monitor. For this aim hiring a drone to ascertain livestock monitoring with thermal-imaging camera-equipped drones. It will allow users to monitor their livestock and ascertain with complete certainty whether there are any missing, injured, or birthing animals in need. Simple concept to solve a major problem. They are easy to rent from a IT offices and record the surrounding areat in order to detect the problem.

Drone konseptindeki temel fayda normal yollardan yapılamayacak gözlemlerin kolaylıkla sürüde veya çiftlikte yapılabiliyor olmasına dayanmaktadır. Bu amaçla hayvanlartın termal kamera eklentileri ile gözlemlenmesi amacıyla drone kiralama mümkündür. Anılan uygulama üreticilere hayvanlarının yerinde olup olmadıklarını, kaayıp, yaralı ya da yardıma ihtiyaçları olup olmadığını kolaylıkla göstermektedir. Önemli sorunların basit bir yöntem ile çözümünü olaaklı kılar. Bilişim ve teknoloji mağazalarından kolaylıkla kiralanabilir ve sorunun çözümüne yardımcı olur.

Within a flock there is always a substantial variation in the characteristics that influence an animal's production level thus profitability. Identifying and understanding this variation provides opportunities to apply selection pressure, or better inform management decisions throughout the enterprise. Within this framework the farmer uses electronic tagging which allows him through measuring the performance of individual animals to apply decisions specific to reducing costs and labour, while at the same time maximising returns. With the present data logger & handy tool, it it is expected to have more preceise decision making about their flock, farming practices.

Sürü içerisindeki bireylerde verimliliği ve böylelikle karlılığı etkileyen karakter varyasyonları mevcuttur. Bu varyasyonları tanımlamak ve anlamak işletmede daha etkin seleksiyon ve üretime ilişkin kararlar vermeyi olanaklı kılmaktadır. Bu çerçevede anılan uygulamada çiftçi elektronik kulak küpesi kullanarak bireysel olarak hayvanların gözlemlenmesine dayalı maliyet veişgücünü azaltarak karlılığı arttıran karar verme mekanizmaları geliştirmiştir. Çiftçideki mevcut veri kaydı ve küpe okuyucu ile sürü ve üretim uygulamaları ile ilgili daha etkin karar vermektedir.

Growing lambs with ewes is a difficul task considering the digestive system of the lambs. Thus the aim is to keep lambs and ewe together while feeding them properly according to their physiological stages. The farmer in this tip and trick achived this goal while making a physical modification in his farm. He made in his barn a bigger hole for free entrance for lambs. ewes can not get in but only lambs can. Lambs go in and out when they want to receive lamb concentrate feed. With this system no digestive related disease are expected since there is a seperate entrance just for lambs.

Koyun ve kuzuların beraber yetiştirilmesi sindirim sistemindeki faklılıklar yüzünden ciddiye alınması gereken bir uygulamadır. buradaki amaç farklı fizyolojik çağlardaki koyun ve kuzuların sisndirim sistemlerini bozmandan beraber büyütebilmek ve besleyebilmektir. bu kapsada çiftçi kendi ağılında sadece kuzuların geçeceği annelerin geçemeyeceği aralıklar yaparak kuzulara ayrı bir büyütme alanı yaratmıştır. Böylece sisndirim sistemine bağlı hastalıkların oluşması engellenecektir.

Biosecurity refers to practices used to prevent both the introduction and of the spread of diseases within a farm. Thus the target of this tip and trick is to protect the property and animals from the entry and spread of pests and diseases. In order to achive this target the farmer made a small concrete floor with some digging at the entrance of his farm. He fills the dig with water and disinfectant while the animals are passing in order to provide biosecurity to the farm. the expected benefits are more healthy flocks with more productivity.

Biyogüvenlik çiftliği ve hayvanları dışarıdan gelecek herhangi bir zararlı etmene karşı korumak amacıyla alınan önlemlerin bütününe verilen bir dizi güvenlik tedbiridir. Üretici çiftliğinin girişine hafif bir eğim vererek içini su ve dezenfektan ile kaplamıştır. Böylece çiftliğe giren çıkan bütün hayvanlar veya kişiler dezenfeksiyon çukurundan geçerek girmekte ve biyogüvenlik unsurları sağlanmış olmaktadır

Production systems like extensive ones usually have low input and farmers try to find ways to decrease management related costs. Many farmers have no animal handling unit and this causes difficulties to capture group of animal to treat them. The farmer has created this manual system himself. He made an iron turning arm that is attached to the feeder with a 6 m long iron shape which goes down and up while turning the arm attachment. That systems facilitates to stabilize and capture the animal(group of animal) while they are fed in the feeder in order to handle them.

Ekstansf üretim sistemleri gibi sistemler girdisi düşük üretim sistemleridir. Bu nedenle üreticiler çiftliklerinde maaliyeti azaltacak tedbirler yaratmaktadırlar. bu çerçevede üretici yemliklerine dönen bir kol monte ederek kol vasıtası ile yemliğe monte ettiği profilin aşağıya ve yukarıya çekilmesini sağlamaktadır. Bu şekilde hayvanlar yem yerken profili indirerek hayvanların başlarından kilitlenmesini sağlamakta ve hayvana istediği uygulamayı yapmaktadır

The aim of this tip and trick is to facilitate capturing animal with the help of a 1,5 m long thick rope by one person in order to handle the animal with ease. This application would be useful in sheds where ther is no animal handling unit. The farmer uses this system in order to capture the animal when he is alone in the farm. The system is very simple and easy to apply. A 1,5 meter rope is tied and made a big round rope. Then one back leg of the animal with the head goes through the round rope in order to keep the animal fixed. It is expected to decrease labour by employing more workers for aminal handling and management.

Bu uygulamanın amacı hayvanın tek başına kolayca yakalayıp müdahale etmeyi kolaylaştırması içindir. Bu amaçla 1.5 m uzunluğunda bir ipe ihtiyaç vardır. Öncelikle kalın bir ipin iki ucu bağlanarak bir çember yapılır. Anılan çemberden önce hayvanın arka bacağı daha sonra başı geçirilerek hayvanın hareketsiz ve sabir surması sağlanıyor. Böylece hayvana herhangi bir müdahale kolayca tek kişi ile yapılabilecektir.

Animals can be stressed when handled, especially in more extensive settings, when they are not handled regularly. To minimise stress handling of lambs and ewes, a hock bar can be placed in the raceway. Sheep will walk in and step over the bar but find it much harder to step backwards. This simple system helps to keep the animals moving smoothly through the system.

Animals can be stressed when handled, especially in more extensive settings, when they are not handled regularly. To minimise stress handling of lambs and ewes, a hock bar can be placed in the raceway. Sheep will walk in and step over the bar but find it much harder to step backwards. This simple system helps to keep the animals moving smoothly through the system.

Lambing time is a stressful and busy time for farmers, and communication between the different lambers is key to avoid any problems. At lambing, this farmer uses a plastic lid from a margarine or ewe feed pot to label his lambing pens. Any issues, treatments and dates can be recorded on that lid with a marker pen. This allows better communication between the different lambers, as well as being a record of any problems in each pen.

Lambing time is a stressful and busy time for farmers, and communication between the different lambers is key to avoid any problems. At lambing, this farmer uses a plastic lid from a margarine or ewe feed pot to label his lambing pens. Any issues, treatments and dates can be recorded on that lid with a marker pen. This allows better communication between the different lambers, as well as being a record of any problems in each pen.

Lambing outdoor is challenging, and it is important to provide shelter for the animals. This farmer has a good system to cope with extreme (Scottish) weather. To provide extra shelter, she uses old potato boxes (recycled for one of her potato grower neighbour), tied to a post if it is very windy, as mini-shelters. The boxes are put in the fields and up to 3-4 lambs can go inside. Once lambing is finished, the boxes can be removed and stored for next season.

Lambing outdoor is challenging, and it is important to provide shelter for the animals. This farmer has a good system to cope with extreme (Scottish) weather. To provide extra shelter, she uses old potato boxes (recycled for one of her potato grower neighbour), tied to a post if it is very windy, as mini-shelters. The boxes are put in the fields and up to 3-4 lambs can go inside. Once lambing is finished, the boxes can be removed and stored for next season.

Recording information and dealing with lambs during lambing time can be very time consuming and it is important for the farmer to have everything he needs handy. This farmer had built a ‘lamb station’ which incorporates the weigh scales, PDA for data recording and all the equipment and treatments needed to process and record a newborn lamb in one place. This could be easily moved from pen to pen and the lamb was secured in the weigh scale allowing the stockworkers to have both hands free to work, as well as avoiding the need to be frequently bending over.

Recording information and dealing with lambs during lambing time can be very time consuming and it is important for the farmer to have everything he needs handy. This farmer had built a ‘lamb station’ which incorporates the weigh scales, PDA for data recording and all the equipment and treatments needed to process and record a newborn lamb in one place. This could be easily moved from pen to pen and the lamb was secured in the weigh scale allowing the stockworkers to have both hands free to work, as well as avoiding the need to be frequently bending over.

Recording lamb information at birth can be challenging in any outdoor system, especially in extensive conditions. When you have a recorded flock, the farmer/technician who goes around recording the lambs outside needs everything ready in a bag. The farmer has a handy satchel waterproof bag, which contains everything needed – a waterproof recording book and/or a data logger, some spray paints, binoculars to spot the animals, tags and taggers, and a handheld sheep scale.

Recording lamb information at birth can be challenging in any outdoor system, especially in extensive conditions. When you have a recorded flock, the farmer/technician who goes around recording the lambs outside needs everything ready in a bag. The farmer has a handy satchel waterproof bag, which contains everything needed – a waterproof recording book and/or a data logger, some spray paints, binoculars to spot the animals, tags and taggers, and a handheld sheep scale.

The aim of this tip and trick is to improve the intake of silage by ewes during pregnancy. This farmer's system extended the classic ring silage feeder for greater access by the animals. Access is important to ensure the animals get sufficient fibre and get the full predicted intake of forage. This helps reduce the additional energy and protein requirement for healthier rumen function. A standard ring feeder is designed for 22 ewes, this extended version adds space for 10 more ewes per feeder

The aim of this tip and trick is to improve the intake of silage by ewes during pregnancy. This farmer's system extended the classic ring silage feeder for greater access by the animals. Access is important to ensure the animals get sufficient fibre and get the full predicted intake of forage. This helps reduce the additional energy and protein requirement for healthier rumen function. A standard ring feeder is designed for 22 ewes, this extended version adds space for 10 more ewes per feeder

TITLE: Use of surrogate goats and foster ewes An adult ewe in the orphan lambs pen can be used to increase survival rates of lambs. Select an experienced adult ewe, with calm temperament and good maternal instincts, which has weaned several times her own lambs. Orphan lambs who are in the presence of an adult ewe are less stressed, vocalize less, start consuming lamb starter at an earlier age and have higher survival and growth rates up to the age of weaning. Furthermore, after weaning when they are joined to the other lambs, have less problems in adapting to the new rearing environment. Surrogate/foster lactating goats for orphan lambs or for those born in large litters can be used. The doe has to wean her kid(s) before the lambing season starts, and based on the milk yield of the doe, up to 4 lambs can be reared by the surrogate goat. The doe and lambs should be kept in an individual pen, and the goats have to be managed previously in the same flock as the ewes. When introducing a new lamb to be fostered by a doe, the lamb needs to be rubbed on the goat hair coat to imprint the smell of the doe on the young lamb. If the doe does not accept at first the lamb, head restraints can be used.

O oaie adultă în țarcul de miei orfani pentru a crește ratele de supraviețuire a mieilor. Se selectează oile adulte experimentate cu temperament calm și instincte materne bune, care au înțărcat de mai multe ori proprii miei. Mieii orfani sunt mai puțin stesați în prezența oilor adulte, încep să consume furaj la o vârstă mai fragedă și au rate mai bune de creștere până la înțărcare. Mai mult după înțărcare, când sunt puși în contact cu ceilalți miei nu au probleme de adaptare la noul mediu de creștere. Se pot utiliza şi capre surogat/adoptive pentru mieii orfani sau pentru cei proveniţi din fătări multiple. Capra trebuie să își înțarce iezii înainte de începerea sezonului de fătare și în funcție de producția de lapte poate să adopte până la 4 miei/ capră. Capra și mieii sunt ținuți în țarc individual, iar caprele trebuie crescute în aceiași turmă cu oile. Atunci când un miel nou este adoptat de o capră, mielul trebuie să fie frecat de părul caprei pentru ca acesta să se imprime cu mirosul. Dacă, capra nu acceptă imediat mielul se poate folosii contenționarea capului.

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