project - Research and innovation

Circular Bio-Based Business models to create high-value Bio-based products in integrated value chains

Project identifier: 2024HE_101135323_C4B
Ongoing | 2024 - 2027 Italy, Spain, Sweden, Greece, Netherlands, Germany
Ongoing | 2024 - 2027 Italy, Spain, Sweden, Greece, Netherlands, Germany

Kontext

Primary production in agriculture and forestry is a vital component of the European circular bioeconomy. Despite the significance of primary producers, their involvement in bioeconomy is limited, and related benefits are not fairly distributed along the value chain. Recognising this disparity and the pivotal role of primary producers, the EU-funded C4B project will investigate current bio-based value chains in forestry and agriculture with the aim of formulating innovative and sustainable business models. These models will balance the share of power and profit across novel circular bio-based value chains and enhance the cooperation among primary producers and other key actors in the sector. Ultimately, C4B plans to demonstrate the wide applicability of these models and stimulate their uptake through third-party funding.

Objectives

Primary production in agriculture and forestry represents an essential part of the European circular bioeconomy. However, the involvement of primary producers in circular bio-based economy is still limited, and the benefits are in most cases not fairly distributed along the value chain, to the disadvantage of primary producers. Fair and sustainable business models that create opportunities for rural entrepreneurship and develop new forms of successful rural business are therefore needed.
The purpose of C4B is to accelerate the development of rural communities and their economic viability by developing new fair and sustainable business models for different agricultural and forestry value chains. C4B business models will be designed to balance the share of power and profits across novel bio-based value chains and to enhance the cooperation among farmers, foresters and industry. This project will advance the understanding of bio-based value chains by carrying out a holistic analysis of different case studies in EU that considers technology, business environment, primary producers’ behaviour, contractual agreements and ownership, and sustainability.
By providing financial support to third parties via Open Call, C4B will demonstrate the applicability, scalability and replicability of the new business models in different business settings and geographical areas, eventually stimulating the uptake of the new business models.
Joining forces with complementary and trans-disciplinary stakeholders from agriculture, forestry and industrial sector, the C4B consortium will define key R&I priorities to be implemented by means of the coming EU funding programmes to support the EU Bioeconomy Strategy, as well policy recommendations to advise Member States for implementing realistic and effective national CAP Strategic Plans that entail bioeconomy interventions.

Activities

  1. To build a C4B Stakeholders’ Panel and implement the multi-actor approach (MAA) to co-create solutions and innovations, and to improve the capacity of businesses and individuals for implementing bioeconomy measures, empowering the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovations Systems (AKISs) in Europe.
  2. To advance the understanding of bio-based value chains by carrying out a holistic analysis that considers multiple aspects such as technological factors, business models and business environment, primary producers’ behaviour, contractual agreements and ownership, fairness and power balance, and sustainability.
  3. To develop, simulate and promote new fair, scalable and replicable business models for different primary production sectors that support the vibrancy and economic viability of rural communities.
  4. To develop indicators to evaluate the impact for farmers, foresters and rural actors, and to assess the sustainability benefits of the innovative business models.
  5. To demonstrate the scalability and replicability of the C4B fair and sustainable business models in different business settings and geographical areas, eventually stimulating the uptake of the results developed in the project.
  6. To promote bioeconomy-related interventions in the new common agriculture policy (CAP).
  7. To ensure wide visibility of C4B, increase the awareness on the of bioeconomy-related interventions, stimulate the replication of the new fair and sustainable business, and foster the multiplication of their economic, social and environmental benefits throughout Europe.
Project details
Main funding source
Horizon Europe (EU Research and Innovation Programme)
Type of Horizon project
Multi-actor project
Project acronym
C4B
CORDIS Fact sheet
Project contribution to CAP specific objectives
  • SO1. Ensuring viable farm income
  • SO2. Increasing competitiveness: the role of productivity
  • SO3. Farmer position in value chains
  • SO4. Agriculture and climate mitigation
  • SO6. Biodiversity and farmed landscapes
  • SO7. Structural change and generational renewal
  • SO8. Jobs and growth in rural areas
  • Environmental care
  • Preserving landscapes and biodiversity
  • Supporting generational renewal
  • Vibrant rural areas
  • Protecting food and health quality
  • Fostering knowledge and innovation
Project contribution to EU Strategies
  • Achieving climate neutrality
  • Improving management of natural resources used by agriculture, such as water, soil and air
  • Protecting and/or restoring of biodiversity and ecosystem services within agrarian and forest systems

EUR 3 994 894.36

Total budget

Total contributions including EU funding.

EUR 3 994 894.36

EU contribution

Any type of EU funding.

Ressourcen

3 Practice Abstracts

Objective: as industries search for low-carbon solutions, bio-based materials like biocarbon and pyrolysis oil offer a powerful alternative to fossil-based inputs. However, building a cost-efficient and sustainable biomass supply chain remains a major challenge. The C4B project’s Swedish case study focuses on how the Envigas biorefinery model which converts forestry residues into renewable carbon products can scale up through regional synergies and smarter integration.

Results: the study shows that stand-alone biorefineries may face high raw material costs and supply chain limitations. To address this, C4B explored how the Envigas model could integrate with sawmills, pulp mills, biomass terminals, or combined heat and power (CHP) plants. This approach not only improves feedstock availability and logistics but also unlocks industrial symbiosis opportunities. A key development is the proposed collaboration between Envigas and Skellefteå Kraft to establish a joint large-scale production facility in Hedensbyn. This site could replace fossil carbon in several industries and reduce CO₂ emissions by up to 120,000 tonnes per year.

Practical recommendations:

  • Biorefinery operators and local biomass suppliers should explore co-location strategies to reduce transport and procurement costs.
  • Regional clusters (e.g. forest cooperatives) can benefit from collaborative supply planning and shared infrastructure.
  • Public and private actors should jointly assess the feasibility of industrial symbiosis as a decarbonisation strategy with strong rural development potential.

Main costs/benefits: the main upfront costs involve planning and infrastructure adaptation, but the long-term benefits include lower feedstock costs and improved supply stability, reduced emissions, and new revenue streams for forest-based sectors and regional actors.

The Swedish  case shows how integrated biorefinery models can drive green industrial growth while creating new business opportunities for forest-based regions.

Objective: bio-based value chains using crop residues, grape pomace, and forest by-products can drive rural development. However, farmers and primary producers often receive only a smaller share of the benefits compared to their effort while the overwhelming majority is absorbed by processors, retailers, distributors, and other intermediaries. The C4B project supports fair, sustainable business models that ensure rural actors play a vital role in the bioeconomy transition.

Results: across 9 cases in Sweden, Italy, Greece, and Germany (e.g. winemaking residues, cereal straw, wood biomass), fairness in business models was tested by combining the Triple Layered Business Model Canvas (TLBMC) with a Fairness Assessment. Findings reveal farmers often feel undervalued in value chains despite their critical input. Key success factors include trust,clear communication, joint goals, and fair pricing. Surveys with 34 farmers and 5 bio-businesses confirmed fairness enhances collaboration and performance. Tailored models, such as cooperatives in grape and cereal cases, are essential for scaling and bargaining power.

Practical recommendations:

  • Join or build cooperatives or local partnerships to improve your position in the value chain.
  • Negotiate clearly defined roles and benefits with processing companies.
  • Apply the C4B framework to ensure your bio-based venture integrates fairness across economic, social, and environmental dimensions, while addressing imbalances and opportunities.

Main costs/benefits: while setting up fair agreements and partnerships takes time and coordination, the benefits include:

  • Fairer income distribution, improved trust, and resilience for your farm or local community
  • Long-term business relationships and better supply chain resilience
  • Greater stakeholder alignment and buy-in for circular bioeconomy ventures

These models help farmers capture more value,reduce risk, and build trust with processors and industry partners making bioeconomy ventures fairer and successful.

Objective: turning leftover biomass like straw, grape pomace, wood chips, or unmarketable produce—into valuable products (biochar, energy, chemicals) offers new income streams for farmers and rural businesses. But beyond profit, it’s important to ask: Who really benefits? C4B explored whether these innovations are not only green and profitable, but also socially fair especially for primary producers and rural communities.

Results: we studied biomass valorisation in 9 real-world cases across Greece, Italy, Sweden, and Germany. Using a social sustainability method called S-LCA (Social Life Cycle Assessment), we looked at working conditions, local job creation, health and safety, and fair pay. We found that social impacts vary depending on how the business is set up who’s involved, how decisions are made, and how value is shared. We also examined materials and resource use (water, energy, chemicals) to get a full picture of risks and opportunities. Key insight: social benefits don’t happen by accident they must be built into business planning from the start.

Practical recommendations:

  • Involve farmers and local actors early in bio-based projects to improve local benefits and trust
  • Use tools like S-LCA to identify social risks (e.g. unsafe work or unfair pay) and plan for better outcomes
  • Build business relationships based on transparency, safety, and respect to support long-term collaboration
  • Combine technical innovation with local employment strategies and rural development goals

Main costs/benefits:
S-LCA tools are low-cost and easy to apply with basic training. The main benefit is being able to design or improve business models that are not just efficient, but fair helping to win community support, improve worker retention, and strengthen the whole value chain.

A socially fair bioeconomy supports people and planet and makes rural innovation truly sustainable.

Contacts

Project coordinator

Project partners

  • INNOVATION ENGINEERING SRL

    Project partner

  • PNO INNOVATION SL

    Project partner

  • AGENZIA PER LA PROMOZIONE DELLA RICERCA EUROPEA

    Project partner

  • FONDAZIONE AGRIFOOD & BIOECONOMY FVG

    Project partner

  • BIOFUEL REGION BFR AB

    Project partner

  • CLUSTER VIOOIKONOMIAS KAI PERIVALLONTOS DYTIKIS MAKEDONIAS

    Project partner

  • UNIVERSITAET HOHENHEIM

    Project partner

  • WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY

    Project partner

  • STICHTING WAGENINGEN RESEARCH

    Project partner

  • ACONDICIONAMIENTO TARRASENSE ASSOCIACION

    Project partner