Glyphosate is one of the most commonly used herbicides and dessicants used worldwide. It may, however, have an impact on microbial activity, which is key for many functions in plants, humans and animals; for example, they are crucial for effective digestion in humans. Here, we explore whether glyphosate does have an impact on microbial activity. We found that the results of research are contradictory due to the different methods used by various studies.For example, whilst some studies have only looked at the short-term effects of Glyphosate on overall microbial activity, others have been more specific and found reductions in individual microbial species. We found that many of the microbes involved in plant growth are often negatively affected by Glyphosate presence, whilst some disease-causing fungi and bacteria are benefited - this can increase the likelihood of plants and animals suffering from ailments such as Salmonella. In bees, this can also increase the chances of them suffering from deformed wing virus. In addition, humans may be more prone to intestinal and neurological diseases due to Glyphosate exposure in our microbial populations, though further research is needed to prove whether this pesticide is the cause. There needs to be more research into the long-term effects of Glyphosate in microbial communities as this may lead to a need to introduce new standards for the use of this pesticide.

In this paper, we review the global presence of pesticides in agricultural soils by combining datasets from various existing studies. We reviewed more than 80 monitoring studies and surveys from the past 50 years. Our in-depth analysis found that there are alarming amounts of pesticides in agricultural soils in many countries. This was not, however, surprising, due to the widespread use of these chemicals for food production. This soil contamination occurs due to direct exposure, where pesticides are sprayed onto land, and through indirect routes such as runoff. We also found that there is no single approach used by monitoring studies to measure pesticide levels, indicating a need for a unified monitoring protocol. This shows that there is an urgent need to establish more long term monitoring programmes, particularly in areas of intensive agriculture. This monitoring is important because it allows us to understand the levels of pesticides in soils across the world and how these levels change over time due to transport and degradation of these chemicals. Going forward, the SPRINT project will encourage longer term monitoring through providing a unified protocol for measuring pesticide accumulation in agricultural soils.

The EU-funded SPRINT project has integrated exposure estimates relevant to environmental, plant, human and animal health through using the Dutch integrated exposure modelling framework (OBO). This framework includes IDEFICS, PEARL, BREAM, and OPS-St. Non-target species within ecosystems were included in analyses, with exposure calculated using FOCUS fate models from existing datasets alongside new data derived from the SPRINT case study sites across Europe and in Argentina. In addition, the FOCUS fate model is improved here through the addition of missing elements such as wind erosion. In addition, direct (e.g., dietary) and indirect (i.e., non-diatery) exposure was derived for both humans and animals using the OBO modelling framework alongside data from our case study sites. The various existing exposure models mentioned above are integrated and calibrated specifically to measure the exposure of farmers' families, non-farmers, and consumers. This was achieved throuhg using urinary excretion of metabolites to estimate internal exposure and pesticide uptake using reverse dosimetry. We have also undertaken sensitivity analysis. Thus, this paper presents exposure estimates and information on variability uncertainty in humans, environment, plants and animals (livestock). This research is vital for informing future policy surrounding pesticide use.

To date, there has been no holistic, integrated approach to measuring pesticide exposure, concentrations, or potential risks to global health (comprising environment, human, and animal (livestock) health). Here, we present a toolbox which the EU-funded SPRINT project is currently developing. The toolbox consists of 6 distinct components: 1) recommended procedures and results database for data on pesticide (eco)toxicity; 2) A database of the various models used; 3) Estimations of pesticide input/environmental distribution alongside reality checking; 4) Exposure, hazard and risk estimations and maps; 5) Integrated health impact assessment; 6) Libraries of existing tools and data. In conjunction, these toolx will enable several end users including the European Food Safety Authority, regulators, policymakers, industry, and scientists, to assess the global health risks of pesticide use. We have also developed an interactive toolbox; this will assist end users when identifying an integrated approach to use. SPRINT will continue research to ensure each of the tools presented here are robust, by operationalising the toolkit to identify its ability to ascertain the impacts of pesticide use. 
Presentation of Toolbox: https://www.sprint-h2020.eu/index.php/resources/sprint-toolbox

Indoor house dust was one of many measurements taken as part of the SPRINT project as it is seen as an important indicator of residential exposure to pesticides. There is, however, little information on the presence and concentrations of pesticides in dust adjacent or close to fields treated with these chemicals. We investigated this through asking our SPRINT farmer participants across Europe and in Argentina to collect house dust in their vacuums over a period of time. We identified that there were several pesticides present in house dust samples, with concentrations differing depending on distance from treated fields and when pesticide applications last took place. These results have human health implications as the inhalation of pesticides may cause various health problems, including respiratory disease.

This paper presents a protocol which demonstrates how an EU-funded project, SPRINT, will gather data to determine the occurrence and levels of pesticide residues in crops, animals, humans and other non-target species. These data will be used for exposure modelling and impact assessment. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to compare conventional and organic farms across Europe and in Argentina.A wide range of environmental and biological samples will be taken and the fate of pesticides in soil, water and air alongside in farmers' homes will be monitored. Biomonitoring will also be undertaken to estimate pesticide uptake by humans and livestock, including cows, goats, sheep and chicken alongside in other wildlife such as earthworms, fish, invertebrates, bats and cats. These data will be used to model exposure, which in combination with health and toxicity data, will be used to estimate the impacts of pesticides on environmental, plant, animal and human health. These results will, in future, be integrated with socio-economic informaiton, thus resulting in recommendations for future transition pathways and pesticide-related policy.