project - Research and innovation
INCREdible - Innovation Networks of Cork, Resins and Edibles in the Mediterranean basin - Cork iNet
INCREdible - Innovation Networks of Cork, Resins and Edibles in the Mediterranean basin - Cork iNet
Objectives
The overall objective of INCREdible is the promotion and innovation of NWFPs in the Mediterranean through the development and animation of a multi-actor network of networks in order to increase knowledge flows contribute to business discovery, social innovation and the co-design of locally adapted innovative value chains.
Objectives
See objectives in English.
Activities
INCREdible will develop Innovation NETworks (iNets) of Mediterranean NWFPs. Each iNet will aim to gather best practices (both practical and science-based) related to NWFP production, transformation and trade channels. Attention will be drawn to cross-cutting sectorial issues such as innovative (i) business models and value chains, (II) access to finance, (iii) marketing, and digital tools. It will be collected information and knowledge arising from iNets into an interregional online platform, which will function both as a deposit and exchange system of information among partners, existing networks and organizations, for raising awareness of existing success cases and cross-fertilization.
Additional comments
The project has 5 iNets, for 5 non-wood forest products (NWFP): Cork, Resin, Aromatic & Medicinal Plants, Wild Mushrooms & Truffles and Wild Nuts and Berries.
Additional information
This group of PA concerns the Cork iNet, one of the five iNets of the INCREdible thematic network.
Key challenges of cork as a non-wood forest product are:
• Climate change adaptation in order to overcome the cork oak vitality loss and poor natural regeneration. The absence of sufficient regeneration causes lack of saplings to replace mature trees with the consequent aging of the stands whose cork production in quantity and quality is not adequate.
• High incidence of diseases and pests in particular individuals affected by the oak decline and the flathead oak borer Coroebus undatus F. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), one of the primary pests of cork oak causing great economic losses to the cork industry.
• Knowledge transfer of scientific research results among key stakeholders.
• Increased market competition of stoppers made from petroleum derivatives.
• Corporate concentration processes that have led to an increase in post-harvest processing companies closing in the producing areas.
Project details
- Main funding source
- Horizon 2020 (EU Research and Innovation Programme)
- Horizon Project Type
- Multi-actor project - Thematic network
Location
- Main geographical location
- Área Metropolitana de Lisboa
EUR 1 999 150.00
Total budget
Total contributions including EU funding.
Resources
35 Practice Abstracts
More Information:
More Information:
The bovine herd consists of 120 livestock units for the production of meat, managed on a rotational basis. This rotation system allows to control shrubs accumulation and reduce the fire risk. The natural herbaceous growth occurs in two very short periods: in autumn and spring, with April rainfall being particularly important.
The cork oaks are quite old and with a high percentage of diseased trees. The oldest stone pine trees comes from natural regeneration with a quite irregular interannual cone production.
When the present management started 20 years ago, the owner realized that the soil was a degraded ecosystem resource, unable to fulfil the most basic functions of water infiltration and storage and with a very low nutrient status. Soil recovery has been the priority.The most important decision was the exclusion of soil mobilizations, which allowed to reduce erosion, enabling a permanent soil cover and protection. The shrubs control is now done with minimally invasive machinery. To correct the soil nutrient content, phosphorous fertilizers were used in a first phase, followed by the use of organic-based products. The pH corrections are done with dolomitic limestone.
In the last decades, dead or diseased cork oaks and stone pine trees are systematically removed or pruned in order to avoid pests and disease spreading. Tree regeneration protection with metal mesh protectors is a priority due to the presence of cattle. In the past, pine were plantated for cones at 15x15 or 20x20m spacing grids, more recently at 10x10m and grafting at age 5. Periodic thinning are applied in young and adult pine trees to avoid excessive stocking. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20825
O efectivo bovino é composto por 120 cabeças normais para produção de carne, gerido em regime de pastoreio rotacional. Este sistema permite controlar o mato e reduzir o risco de incêndio. O crescimento da pastagem natural acontece em 2 períodos muito curtos: no outono e na primavera. A precipitação do mês de Abril é particularmente importante.
O montado é bastante antigo e com uma percentagem elevada de árvores decrépitas. O pinhal manso mais antigo é proveniente de regeneração natural.
Quando a gestão actual da herdade se iniciou, há 20 anos, constatou-se que o solo era um recurso degradado, incapaz de cumprir as funções mais básicas de infiltrar e armazenar água e disponibilizar nutrientes para as culturas. A recuperação do solo tem sido a prioridade deste gestor.A decisão tomada mais relevante foi terminar com as mobilizações, reduzindo os efeitos da erosão, permitindo a cobertura e protecção permanente do solo. O controlo da vegetação arbustiva passou a ser feito com corta-mato. Numa primeira fase foram feitas adubações com fósforo, e numa segunda fase com produtos de base orgânica. A correcção de pH é feita com calcário dolomítico.
Quer no sobreiro e no pinheiro manso têm-se realizado, ao longo da última década, desbastes das árvores decrépitas e a protecção do renovo espontâneo do gado com protectores metálicos. As clareiras têm vindo a ser adensadas com pinheiro manso em compasso de 15x15 e 20x20. Numa segunda fase o adensamento passou a fazer-se num compasso de 10x10 e com enxertia aos 5 anos. Nos pinheiros jovens e adultos, ocorrem desbastes periódicos para correcção de densidades excessivas. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20825
The acorns conservation of is a set of processes beginning from the harvest to the storage. After 8 months of acorns storage, water content, germination and infestation percents were used as quality indicators.
Acorns harvested directly from trees and collected on tarps were better conserved than those collected directly on the ground.
Acorns put in the cold room (temperature:+4 °C and relative humidity: 80%) were better stored than those put in the open air
The packaging container of barrel (humidity content > 35%) was better than the jute bag and the plastic crate (P= 0.035During harvest, it is recommended to select good acorns including ripe fruits and excluding dead (empty) and rotten (pathogenic fungi) acorns and those with holes (insect pests).
During storage it is recommended to:
Disinfection of the cold room prior to storage
Treat well-sorted acorns with a fungicide prior to storage and periodically as a preventative way to control the spread of fungi in healthy ones. The thermotherapy can be also used, especially, for acorns dedicated to animal feed: soak the acorns in hot water at 41° C for 3 hours then re-dry them gently.
Pack the acorns in half full hermetic container and wrap them with peat (alternating layers of acorns and peat).
Put acorns in an environment where the temperature range is between 0°C and 4°C and the relative humidity is equal to 80%.
Periodically, stir and ventilate containers and control the viability and quality of acorns. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20170
La conservation des glands est un ensemble de processus allant de la récolte au stockage. Après 8 mois de stockage des glands, la teneur en eau, les pourcentages de germination et d'infestation ont été utilisés comme indicateurs de qualité.
1. Les glands récoltés directement des arbres et collectés sur des bâches étaient mieux conservés que ceux collectés directement sur le sol.
2. Les glands placés dans la chambre froide (température: +4 ° C et humidité relative: 80%) étaient mieux stockés que ceux placés à l'air libre
3. Le fut, comme conteneur d’emballage, (teneur en humidité> 35%) était meilleur que le sac de jute et la caisse en plastique (P = 0,035• Lors de la récolte, il est recommandé de sélectionner des glands mûrs et sains, en excluant les glands morts (vides), pourris (champignons pathogènes) et perforés (insectes).
• Pendant le stockage, il est recommandé de:
Désinfection de la chambre froide avant le stockage
Traiter les glands bien triés, préalablement à leur stockage et périodiquement, avec un fongicide comme moyen préventif contre la propagation des champignons. La thermothérapie peut également être utilisée, notamment, pour les glands dédiés à l'alimentation animale: faire tremper les glands dans de l'eau chaude à 41 ° C pendant 3 heures puis les sécher à nouveau délicatement.
Emballer les glands dans un récipient hermétique à moitié plein et enveloppez-les de tourbe (couches alternées de glands et de tourbe).
Placer les glands dans une ambiance où la plage de température est comprise entre 0 ° C et 4 ° C et l’humidité relative égale à 80%.
Remuer et ventiler périodiquement les récipients et contrôler la viabilité et la qualité des glands. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20170
The tree’s relative growth rate (RGR) was computed considering tree total height (ht, m) and diameter (dbh, cm) in order to compare the pruning severities. Average RGR for dbh growth five years after the operation was 0.42, 0.56 and 0.33 for trees with no, low or high pruning intensity, respectively. Average RGR for h growth five years after the operation was 0.24, 0.33 and 0.27 for trees with no, low or high pruning intensity respectively. Hypothesis tests and variance analysis showed that for these pruning intensities, no significant differences were found, when comparing the three groups of trees both for diameter and for total height growth.Cork oak is a tree species that often show bifurcate stem and develops a shrubby crown conformation, with high number of low branches. In order to reduce these conditions, it is important to early interfere by performing formation pruning.
The financial impact of this operation, due to labor costs, implies its implementation to one or two operations. Its delay until the first debarking operation may compromise the tree conformation and its upcoming cork debarking.
The case study results suggest that, for the site conditions and specific pruning intensities, the formation pruning does not have an impact on the tree growth. Therefore, is recommend a pruning intensity of 1/3 of the live branches, for the trees that may benefit from it by observation. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20879
A taxa de crescimento relativo (RGR) foi calculada usando a altura total (h, m) e o diâmetro (dap, cm) para comparar a severidade da poda na árvore. O valor médio RGR para o dap, cinco anos após a poda foi: 0.42; 0.56 e 0.33 para árvores sem poda, poda ligeira e poda intensa, respetivamente. O valor médio RGR para o h, cinco anos após a poda foi: 0.24, 0.33 e 0.27 para árvores sem poda, poda ligeira e poda intensa, respetivamente. Os resultados de testes de hipóteses e da análise de variância, mostraram que não foram encontradas diferenças comparando as intensidades de poda de formação, considerando o crescimento em diâmetro e em altura.O sobreiro é uma espécie que facilmente bifurca e desenvolve uma configuração de copa arbustiva, com grande número de ramos baixos. A fim de reduzir estas situações é importante intervir precocemente, através da realização de poda de formação.
O impacto financeiro desta operação, devido ao custo de mão-de-obra, implica que seja limitada a uma ou duas operações. Adiar estas intervenções pode comprometer a configuração da árvore e o futuro descortiçamento.
Os resultados deste caso estudo, sugerem que para as condições do local e as intensidades de poda consideradas, a poda da formação não afeta o crescimento da árvore. Assim, é recomendada uma intensidade de poda de 1/3 dos ramos vivos da árvore, para as árvores que possam visualmente beneficiar desta operação. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20879
For planting trials, there is a better recovery of young plants (one year old) packed in large volume (800 cc) buckets.
Mycorrhization by pisolite shows good results in the nursery and seems to be confirmed in the field.
Fertilization (BRF, Calcium Potassium) has good results on height growth, and the buried collar modality with very large pots also shows good results.
The use of isoplant slabs for mulching and shading is not beneficial to plant growth.
The tubex™ and the climatic™ 120 cm sheaths offer good results and limit the plagiotropic tendency of the plants.
For natural regeneration trials, after work or fire, there is a deficit of seedlings unlike suckers and stump sprouts which are abundant. The plants remain plagiotropic for the first 6 years. This is a sensitive period where maintenance is necessary to limit competition and eliminate the scrubland.
When planting acorns, the use of germinated acorns should be favoured.
Before intervening on a natural regeneration to select the subjects of the future, it is necessary to wait between five and six years to let the apical dominance settle.
It is important, in view of the current climatic changes, to anticipate the difficulties in adapting species to these new conditions by selecting southern provenances from the south of the cork oak's range. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20854
Pour les essais plantation, il y a une meilleure reprise des jeunes plants (un an) conditionnés en godets de gros volume (800 cc).
La mycorhization par pisolithe montre de bons résultats en pépinière qui semblent se confirmer sur le terrain.
La fertilisation (BRF, Calcium Potassium)a de bons résultats sur la croissance en hauteur.La modalité collets enterrés à très gros potets présente également de bons résultats.
L’utilisation des dalles isoplant pour le paillage et la mise en place d’ombrières ne présente pas d’avantage pour la croissance des plants.
Les tubex™ et les gaines climatic™ en 120 cm offrent de bons résultats et limite la tendance plagiotrope des plants.
Pour les essais de régénération naturelle, après travaux ou incendie, on note un déficit de semis à la différence des drageons et rejets de souche qui sont abondants. Les plants restent plagiotropes pendant les 6 premières années. C’est une période sensible où il est nécessaire d’avoir un entretien pour limiter la concurrence et éliminer le maquis.
Pour une plantation de glands il faut privilégier l’utilisation de glands germés.
Avant d’intervenir sur une régénération naturelle pour sélectionner les sujets d’avenir, il faut attendre entre cinq et six ans pour laisser la dominance apicale s’installer.
Il est importance, compte tenu des évolutions climatiques en cours, d’anticiper les difficultés dans l’adaptation des essences à ces nouvelles conditions en sélectionnant des provenances méridionales du sud de l’aire de répartition du Chêne-liège. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20854
Four spatial clusters were identified based on environmental data. The North and North-eastern part of the island was included in the Northern RoP. The second RoP covered the western part, and the third RoP enclosed the South-eastern region. The last group was distributed on the central part of the island (Central RoP) and included the higher elevations.
Afterwards, four Priority Areas were identified, which consist of the minimum number of sites needed to include all the genetic diversity estimated by genetic analyses. The prioritised areas covered three out of the four RoPs, encompassing almost the entire set of variability present on the island, even that detected in a minority of cases specific at a local scale.These indications can be useful because these selected sites can be proposed as stands for seed collection for future plantations. Prioritizing population collections using environmental and/or geographic distance data, together with genetic elements, can optimize the captured variation, likely increasing the adaptive and functional genetic potential.
According to the Council Directive 1999/105/CE, this kind of characterization poses the bases to candidate the selected stands as “Source-identified”, being located in a single Region of Provenance. Moreover, when combined with phenotypic characterization, this approach may lead to their upgrading as sources of forest reproductive material in the category “Selected”, which represents the following step with respect to “Source-identified”. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20813
Sulla base di dati ambientali sono stati identificati quattro cluster spaziali. La parte nord e nord-orientale dell'isola era inclusa nella RoP settentrionale. La seconda RoP copriva la parte occidentale e la terza RoP racchiudeva la regione sud-orientale. L'ultimo gruppo comprendeva la parte centrale dell'isola (RoP Centrale) e comprende le quote più elevate.
Successivamente, sono state identificate quattro Aree Prioritarie, che consistono nel numero minimo di siti necessari per includere tutta la diversità genetica stimata dalle analisi genetiche. Le Aree Prioritarie ricadevano in tre delle quattro RoP, coprendo quasi tutta la variabilità presente sull’isola, compresa quella presente in un numero limitati di casi osservata a scala locale.Queste indicazioni possono essere utili affinché questi siti possano essere proposti come soprassuoli per la raccolta di semi per futuri impianti. Assegnare priorità di raccolta utilizzando i dati sulla diversità ambientale e / o geografica, insieme ad elementi genetici, può ottimizzare l’entità della variabilità genetica catturata dalla raccolta, con possibilità di aumentare il potenziale genetico ed adattativo. Secondo la Direttiva 1999/105/CE, questa caratterizzazione pone le basi per la candidatura degli stand individuati come “Identificati dalla fonte”, essendo situati in una singola Regione di Provenienza. Inoltre, se combinato con la caratterizzazione fenotipica, questo approccio può portare alla loro candidatura come fonti di materiale riproduttivo forestale nella categoria "Selezionati", successiva rispetto a "Identificato alla fonte". More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20813
Compared to the control, experimental cork/wooden beehives demonstrated: a more regular pattern of internal daily temperature, more efficient winter thermoregulation, a shorter time lapse necessary for restoring the temperature of the hive after opening (referring to the brood chamber). For the latter, the decrease in temperature during the time of extraction of the frames (5 mins) was less in the cork/wooden hives compared to the wooden hives, reaching 32.06° C instead of 31.60° C; after closing the hive, cork/wooden hives took 12 minutes to reach 36.56° C, while wooden hives took 24 minutes to reach 35.10° C. Due to the lower heating needs a lower consumption of honey by the colonies during winter months was observed, with an average amount of 3.5 kg honey per hive saved in Mediterranean conditions.The results suggest the use of cork for the construction of modern, but at the same time traditional, cork/wood beehives. This may contribute to a greater economic and environmental sustainability of multi-functional Mediterranean silvo-pastoral systems, but also to the reduction of fossil-based insulation materials, especially where winter temperatures can be lower than the ones experienced in the present study. As for construction details, the dimensions of the experimental cork-wooden hives, based on the Dadant-Blatt model, are 52.0 x 34.8 cm with 3- cm-thick walls made mostly of cork (83%) and only a thin inner layer of wood (0.5 cm). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20812
Rispetto al controllo, le arnie sperimentali in sughero / legno hanno dimostrato: un andamento più regolare della temperatura interna, una più efficiente termoregolazione invernale, un tempo più breve per ripristinare la temperatura dell'arnia dopo l'apertura (riferita alla camera della covata). In particolare, nelle arnie in sughero / legno rispetto alle arnie in legno: il calo della temperatura durante l’estrazione dei telai (5 minuti) è stato inferiore (scendendo a 32,06° C anziché i 31,60° C) e, dopo aver chiuso l’arnia, il tempo per ripristinare la temperatura è stato di 12 minuti (per raggiungere 36,56° C), invece che 24 minuti (per raggiungere i 35,10° C). Il minor fabbisogno termico ha portato ad un consumo inferiore di miele da parte delle colonie durante i mesi invernali, con una quantità media risparmiata di 3,5 kg di miele per arnia in condizioni mediterranee.I risultati suggeriscono l'importanza dell’uso del sughero per la costruzione di arnie moderne, ma allo stesso tempo tradizionali, in legno e sughero. Ciò può contribuire a una maggiore sostenibilità economica e ambientale dei sistemi silvo-pastorali mediterranei multifunzionali, ma anche alla riduzione dell’utilizzo di materiali isolanti a base fossile, specialmente dove le temperature invernali possono essere inferiori a quelle sperimentate nel presente studio. Per quanto riguarda i dettagli costruttivi, le dimensioni delle arnie sperimentali in legno di sughero, basati sul modello Dadant-Blatt, sono 52,0 x 34,8 cm con pareti di spessore 3 cm costituite principalmente da sughero (83%) e solo un sottile strato interno di legno (0,5 cm). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20812
The cork can be sold standing or in a pile, once the tree is debarked. Piles are cork plank formations, which are arranged in an orderly manner so that they can be kept in good condition long enough until transported to the factory. To estimate the quality of the cork in a pile, CICYTEX uses a stratified sampling. Cork planks are selected and 20x20 cm representative samples of them are made. The quality of these samples is estimated. The samples are processed (dried, boiled, trimmed) and prepared to evaluate their quality. The quality will depend on the caliper of the samples and their appearance. By combining caliper and appearance, the overall quality of the planks is determined, grouping into 9 classes or types of cork quality (from 1 to 9) according to the CICYTEX classification (Plan de Calas 2020).For the estimation of the number of samples, in addition to the total volume of the pile, the volume corresponding to the crown and the interior of the pile is taken into account. In this way, deviations are avoided in those piles in which the best planks are located on the outside, and those with the worst qualities are hidden inside. Crown sampling is systematic and the starting point of sampling is randomly selected. Due to the complexity of carrying out systematic or random sampling inside the pile, it is possible to choose a sampling carried out in two stages (from Pozo Barrón et al. 2000b): (i) a certain number of blocks are selected (2 More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20795
El corcho se puede vender en pie o en pila, una vez descortezado el árbol. Las pilas son formaciones de panas de corcho, que se colocan de manera ordenada para que puedan mantenerse en buenas condiciones el tiempo suficiente hasta que sea transportado a fábrica. Para estimar la calidad del corcho en pila, CICYTEX utiliza un muestreo estratificado. Se seleccionan las planchas de corcho y se realizan calas de 20x20 cm representativas de las mismas. Se estima la calidad de dichas muestras. Las muestras se procesan (secado, cocido, recortado) y se preparan evaluar su calidad. La calidad dependerá del calibre de las muestras y de su aspecto. Conjugando calibre y aspecto, se determina la calidad global de las calas, agrupándose en 9 clases o tipos de calidad de corcho (de 1 a 9) según la clasificación del CICYTEX (Plan de Calas 2020).Para la estimación del número de calas, además del volumen total de la pila, se tiene en cuenta el correspondiente a la corona y al interior de la pila. De esta manera se evitan las desviaciones cometidas en aquellas pilas en las que se situasen las mejores planchas en el exterior, y se ocultasen en el interior aquellas que presentasen las peores calidades. El muestreo de la corona es de tipo sistemático y se selecciona aleatoriamente el punto de inicio del muestreo. Debido a la complejidad de realizar un muestreo sistemático o aleatorio en el interior de la pila, se puede optar por un muestreo realizado en dos etapas (del Pozo Barrón et al. 2000b): (i) se seleccionan un determinado número de bloques (2 More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20795
Cork debarking is of great importance in the cok sector, not only because the exploitation of cork but also because the way of carrying it out is very relevant for the future production of cork. If the debarking is not performed correctly, the tree may be damaged and future cork production may be compromised. Furthermore, the importance of this operation is underlined by the shortage of skilled labor for its implementation. In this context, GOBUBER explores valid mechanized options to carry out this activity. In this sense, the objectives pursued in the project are: (i) to modernize the cork extraction work through its mechanization; (ii) improve working conditions; (iii) improve and review the extraction organization systems and procedures; (iv) improve the marketing and valuation of cork.The definitive results of GOSUBER will be available in September 2020. Throughout the duration of the project, different initiatives are being implemented. Among those activities, the following ones deserve to be highlighted: (1) Definition of work protocols with new tools; (2) Trial of new tools; (3) Development of new health and safety working systems; (4) Design of technical bases for new subericulture to improve decision-making; (5) Development of green roof with cork substrate as absorbent; (6) Characterization of planks and granulated cork; (7) Disclosure of the innovations developed. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20794
El descorche tiene gran importancia en el sector corchero, además de por suponer la operación de aprovechamiento del corcho porque su realización es muy relevante para la producción futura de corcho. Si el descorche no se produce correctamente puede dañarse la capa madre y verse comprometida la producción de corcho en el futuro. Además, la importancia de esta operación se ve subrayada por la escasez de mano de obra experta para su realización. En este contexto GOBUBER explora opciones mecanizadas válidas para realizar esta actividad. En este sentido los objetivos que se persiguen en el proyecto son: (i) modernizar los trabajos de extracción del corcho mediante su mecanización; (ii) mejorar las condiciones de trabajo; (iii) mejorar y revisar los sistemas y procedimientos de organización de la extracción; (iv) mejorar en la comercialización y valoración del corcho.Los resultados definitivos de GOSUBER estarán disponibles en septiembre de 2020. A lo largo del desarrollo del proyecto, se están llevando a cabo diferentes iniciativas que merecen ser destacadas: (1) Definición de protocolos de trabajo con nuevas herramientas; (2) Ensayo de nuevas herramientas; (3) Desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de seguridad y salud; (4) Diseño de bases técnicas para nueva subericultura para la mejora en la toma de decisiones; (5) Desarrollo de cubierta verde con sustrato de corcho como absorbente; (6) Caracterización del corcho en plancha y granulado; (7) Divulgación de las innovaciones desarrolladas. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20794
Pure cork oak forest stands in Sardinia are characterized, on average, by annual economic production of 93 euro/ha as concerns cork, 37 euro/ha as concerns fodder (for grazing), 37 euro/ha as concerns carbon sequestration and 261 euro/ha as concerns water yield. The value of cork production on an 11-year cycle equals 1023 euro/ha, on average. The total economic values of ecosystem production among the tested silvicultural alternatives (from 350 up to 800 cork trees per hectare) have proven to be characterized by relatively small differences, due to the trade-offs among the considered goods and services.The proposed spatial visualization of the economic values of production of goods and services is a useful support for forest management planning, e.g., to project selected productions by cork oak stands in the future in order to improve the effectiveness of management strategies toward their preservation and enhancement and/or identify priority areas that would maximize ecosystem production for local communities. Since the total economic production values among the tested silvicultural alternatives are characterized by relatively small differences, under conditions similar to those here surveyed managers may safely rely on different stand density options, without any relevant detrimental effect on total economic value of the considered goods and services. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20791
I boschi di querce da sughero puro in Sardegna sono caratterizzati, mediamente, da una produzione economica annua di 93 euro/ha di sughero, 37 euro/ha per quanto riguarda il foraggio (per il pascolo), 37 euro/ha per il sequestro del carbonio e 261 euro/ha per quanto riguarda le risorse idropotabili. Il valore della produzione di sughero su un ciclo di 11 anni equivale in media a 1023 euro/ha. I valori economici totali di produzione ecosistemica tra le alternative selvicolturali considerate (da 350 a 800 alberi da sughero a ettaro) sono caratterizzati da differenze relativamente modeste, tenuto conto dei trade-off tra i beni e le utilità considerate.La visualizzazione spaziale dei valori economici della produzione di beni e utilità ecosistemiche proposta dall’approccio sviluppato è un significativo supporto per la pianificazione della gestione forestale, al fine di migliorare l'efficacia delle strategie per la conservazione e valorizzazione delle sugherete e/o identificare le aree prioritarie ove massimizzare determinate produzioni ecosistemiche per le comunità locali. Considerato che i valori economici totali di produzione ecosistemica tra le alternative silvicolturali considerate sono risultati caratterizzati da differenze relativamente modeste, in condizioni simili a quelle qui esaminate i gestori possono fare affidamento ad un ampio campo di variazione della densità dei soprassuoli, senza conseguenze significative sul valore economico totale dei beni e utilità erogate. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20791
Water availability and soil water-holding capacity is correlated with site index.
Site index is correlated with climate variables, namely evaporation and frost.
Site index is correlated with soil characteristics such as lithology, soil texture, soil depth, thickness of the A horizon and soil classification.
The estimated values of site index for Portugal range between 9.5 and 16.8 m, with an average value of 13.4 m.
Results confirm the potential distribution of cork oak in coastal regions. They also suggest the existence of a considerable area, located both North and South of the Tagus river, where site index values of medium (]13;15]) to high (]15;17]) productivity classes may be expected.While developing a forest management plan:
Consider the site climate and soil characteristics;
Consider soil prospecting across the site, supervised by a cork oak forest management expert;
Use the soil information to delimit areas with homogeneous soil characteristics;
Identify areas not suitable for cork oak plantation and consider alternative species, e.g. avoid terrain depressions and temporary waterline areas where waterlogging conditions and heavy soil texture conditions may persist;
Use a model proposed by Paulo et al. (2015) to estimate the site index for areas with homogeneous site conditions;
Use previously estimated values to simulate expected stand growth and production using an appropriate model (e.g.: SUBER 5.0 model. Available here). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20784
A disponibilidade de água e a capacidade de retenção do solo estão correlacionadas com o índice de qualidade da estação (IQE).
O IQE está correlacionado com as variáveis climáticas, nomeadamente evapotranspiração e geada.
O IQE está correlacionado com as características do solo, nomeadamente a litologia, textura, profundidade e espessura efetiva do horizonte A e classificação o solo.
O valor estimado para o IQE em Portugal varia entre 9,5 e 16,8 m, com média de 13,4 m.
Os resultados confirmam a potencial distribuição do sobreiro pelas regiões costeiras. Também sugerem a existência de uma área considerável, localizada tanto a Norte como a Sul do rio Tejo, onde são esperados valores de IQE referentes a classes de produtividade médios de (]13;15]) a altos (]15;17]).Durante o desenvolvimento de Planos de Gestão Florestal é aconselhável:
Considerar as características do solo e o clima da estação
Ponderar a realização de uma prospeção de solo, supervisionada por um especialista com conhecimento em gestão florestal do sobreiro
Usar a informação disponível sobre o solo para delimitar áreas com características homogéneas
Identificar áreas não adequadas à plantação do sobreiro e considerar espécies alternativas. Por exemplo, evitar áreas de linhas de água temporárias e de cota inferior acentuada, onde podem persistir condições de alagamento e textura pesada do solo
Utilizando um dos modelos propostos por Paulo et al. (2015) estimar o índice de qualidade da estação para áreas com condições homogéneas.
Usar os valores estimados anteriormente para simular o crescimento e produção do povoamento usando por exemplo o modelo SUBER 5.0. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20784
In the first spring after wildfire different types of insect traps were set up (interception, emergence and pheromone traps), and monitored for up to 16 months. Fire occurrence had a great impact on cork oak trees attractiveness to xylophagous insects, which increased significantly with increasing fire severity. Living unburned trees located close to the fire edge were clearly avoided, while burned trees with no regeneration were the most attractive. Four species of ambrosia beetles, represented nearly 90% of all xylophagous insects captured in interception and emergence traps, namely Platypus cylindrus (Platypodinae), Xyleborus monographus, Xyleborinus saxeseni and Xyleborus dryographus (Scolytinae).The presence of ambrosia beetles in burned forests should be carefully assessed, and their control should focus on preventing colonization and the spread of infestation. Management should focus mainly on increasing tree vigor, and on reducing the factors that may increase burn severity. In the first years after a wildfire, it is advisable to avoid any activities that are likely to increase stress of burned and neighbouring unburned trees, such as cork extraction, branch pruning and soil ploughing. Additionally, post-fire logging and removal of dead trees, and the use of pheromone traps, are other possible measures to reduce the number of beetles in these situations. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20755
Na primeira primavera após o incêndio, foram colocados diferentes tipos de armadilhas para insetos (intercepção, emergência e de feromonas) e foram monitorizadas durante 16 meses. A ocorrência do incêndio teve um grande impacto na atratividade dos sobreiros para os insetos xilófagos, que aumentaram significativamente com o aumento da severidade do fogo. As árvores não queimadas vivas localizadas perto do perímetro do fogo foram claramente evitadas, enquanto as árvores queimadas sem regeneração foram as mais atrativas. Quatro espécies de ambrosiófagos, representaram quase 90% de todos os insetos xilófagos capturados em armadilhas de intercepção e emergência, nomeadamente Platypus cylindrus (Platypodinae), Xyleborus monographus, Xyleborinus saxeseni e Xyleborus dryographus (Scolytinae).A presença de insetos ambrosiófagos nas florestas queimadas deve ser cuidadosamente avaliada e seu controle deve centrar-se na prevenção da colonização e propagação. A gestão deve focar-se principalmente no aumento do vigor das árvores e na redução dos fatores que podem aumentar a severidade do fogo. Nos primeiros anos após um incêndio, é aconselhável evitar atividades que possam aumentar o stresse das árvores queimadas e não queimadas vizinhas, como o descortiçamento, podas e mobilização do solo. Além disso, o corte e a remoção de árvores mortas, e o uso de armadilhas de feromonas, são outras medidas possíveis para reduzir o número destes insetos. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20755
According to the ARCHI method, developed by IDF, 67% of the 2000 trees prospected are healthy, 31% are stressed or resilient and 2% are dying.
The trees underexploited for their cork are stressed or dying.
Competition from vegetation in the overstory increases the stress or dieback of the oaks.
Water deficit accentuates the harmful effect of competition from vegetation.
Thus, in order of importance, the factors that can explain the observed stress and dieback are: underexploited, competition from vegetation and finally the water deficit (climate change).
The BIOCLIMSOL tool has made possible to draw up vigilance maps on which the probability of the risk of stress or cork oak dieback is quantified.Forest owners can call on the CRPF of Corsica to carry out a climatic diagnosis of their cork oak plantation in order to estimate the adaptability of the cork oak to the station.
To limit the injuries of the trees, it is important to respect the favourable periods, the climatic conditions and the heights of exploitation of cork. The exploitation of cork must be done on healthy trees.
To optimise the conduct of silvicultural work, access to the stands must be favoured. Manual cleaning work around the trees must be favoured to avoid injuries. A forest cover of 60% must be maintained in the cork oak forests and the competing species, in particular in the dominant stage, must be removed. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20683
Selon la méthode ARCHI, 67% des 2000 arbres prospectés sont sains, 31% sont stressés ou résilients et 2% sont dépérissant.
Les arbres mal exploités pour leur liège présentent plus de signes de stress ou de dépérissement.
La concurrence de la végétation, à l’étage dominant, augmente le stress ou les dépérissements des chênes-lièges.
La sécheresse accentue l’effet néfaste de la concurrence de la végétation.
Ainsi par ordre d’importance des facteurs pouvant expliquer le stress et les dépérissements observés ce sont les mauvaises exploitations, la concurrence de la végétation et enfin le déficit hydrique (changement climatique).
L’outil BIOCLIMSOL a permis d’élaborer des cartes de vigilance où la probabilité du risque de stress ou de dépérissement du chêne-liège est quantifiée.Les propriétaires forestiers peuvent faire appel au CRPF de Corse pour réaliser un diagnostic climatique de leur suberaie afin d’estimer l’adaptabilité du chêne-liège à la station.
Pour limiter les blessures des arbres il est important de respecter les périodes favorables, les conditions climatiques et les hauteurs d’exploitation du liège. L’exploitation du liège doit se faire sur des arbres sains.
Pour optimiser la conduite des travaux sylvicoles l’accès aux peuplements doit être favorisé. Un travail manuel de nettoyage autour des arbres doit être privilégié pour éviter les blessures. Un couvert forestier de 60% doit être maintenu dans les suberaies et les essences concurrentes, notamment dans l’étage dominant, doivent être exploitées. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20683
The territory of the Pyrénées-Orientales region would allow an annual supply of scrap cork (virgin cork and burnt cork) estimated at between 100 and 200 tonnes.
15.7 % of cork oaks with a circumference of 70 cm or more have never been demascled (exploited at all).
The price per cubic meter of the production of granulated cork waste for bulk insulation was estimated at 206.96 euros exclusive of VAT (Purchase, exploitation, transport of cork, processing and packaging in big bags included).
Beyond the value for insulation, it is important to specify that the feedback on the use of cork in mulching is very positive. Cork produces an aesthetic, durable (lifespan of about 5 years), light mulching at a price consistent with that of other types of plant or mineral mulching.A branch shredder is not dimensioned for the shredding of cork boards, because its feeding mouth is too narrow, forcing the widest boards to be re-cut. It is necessary to adapt the feeding mouth or to invest in a dedicated cork crusher. It is necessary to work in an isolated place with a suction system for the dust generated by the crushing to limit discomfort in order to promote the integration of the project.
It appears essential to have a screening device, either directly at the shredder exit, or through a screener to be able to diversify the products (mulch, bulk, mixture with concrete, wadding, etc.). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20682
Le territoire des Pyrénées-Orientales permettrait un approvisionnement annuel de liège de rebut (mâle et brûlé) estimé entre 100 et 200 tonnes
15,7 % des chênes-lièges ayant atteint ou dépassé les 70 cm de circonférence n’ont jamais été démasclés
Le prix au mètre cube de la production du granulé de liège de rebut pour de l’isolation en vrac a été estimé à 206,96 euros HT. (Achat, exploitation, transport du liège, transformation et conditionnement en big bag compris)
Au-delà d’une valorisation pour l’isolation, il est important de préciser que le retour d’expérience sur l’utilisation du liège en paillage est très positif. Le liège produit un paillage esthétique, durable (durée de vie de 5 ans environ), léger à un tarif cohérent par rapport à celui d’autres types de paillage végétaux ou minérauxUn broyeur à branche n’est pas dimensionné pour le broyage des plaques de lièges, car sa bouche d’alimentation est trop étroite, obligeant à la redécoupe des planches les plus larges. Il est nécessaire d’adapter la bouche d’alimentation ou d’investir dans un broyeur à liège dédié Il est nécessaire de travailler dans un lieu isolé avec un système d’aspiration des poussières générées par le broyage pour limiter les gênes afin de favoriser l’intégration du projet.
Il apparaît indispensable de disposer d’un dispositif de criblage, soit directement en sortie de broyeur, soit au travers d’un cribleur pour pouvoir diversifier les produits (paillage, vrac, mélange avec béton, ouate,…) More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20682
The project initiated a study on the ontogenesis of cork oak, during the different stages of development from germination to senescence.
Thanks to the study of the morphological variations of the cork oak according to the environment (forest, outside the forest, altitude, etc.) a reference development sequence could be defined facilitating the description of the deviations from normal and the mechanisms of return to normal of the cork oak.
A key for determining the architectural types according to the degradation/restoration balance was then proposed and used in the Archi method. The Archi method defines six physiological states of the cork oak: healthy tree, stressed tree, resilient tree, tree in descent from the crown, tree in retreat and tree in a situation of irreversible decline.The Archi method, rating the cork oak, can be applied at any season, except in spring, when it partially renews its foliage.
It is important to make observations over identical periods every 3 to 5 years. After a thinning, it is recommended to wait 2 to 3 years before the first Archi ratings to allow the trees to adapt to their new environment.
In dense and tall stands, it is sometimes necessary to cumulate observations made on different sites. In the mountains, choose the upstream position. Binoculars are mandatory (12 x 50). The use of a camera to take pictures of certain subjects is useful. If possible, it is advisable to work in pairs.
The use of the Archi method requires prior training. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20681
Le projet a initié une étude sur l’ontogénèse du chêne-liège, sur les différents stades du développement depuis la germination jusqu’à la sénescence.
Grâce à l’étude des variations morphotypes du chêne-liège selon les milieux (forêt, hors forêt, altitude, etc.) une séquence de développement de référence a pu être définie facilitant la description des écarts à la normale et des mécanismes de retour à la normale du chêne-liège.
Une clé de détermination des types Archi en fonction de l’équilibre dégradation/restauration a été proposée.
La méthode Archi définit six états physiologiques du chêne-liège : Arbre sain, arbres stressé, arbre résilient, arbre en descente de cime, arbre en repli et arbre en situation de dépérissement irréversibleLa notation Archi du chêne-liège peut se faire en toute saison, sauf au printemps, période au cours de laquelle il renouvelle partiellement son feuillage.
Il est important de réaliser les observations sur des périodes identiques tous les 3 à 5 ans. Après une éclaircie, il est conseillé d’attendre 2 à 3 ans avant les premières notations Archi afin de laisser les arbres s’adapter à leur nouvel environnement.
En peuplement dense et haut, il est parfois nécessaire de cumuler les observations réalisées sur des emplacements différents. En montagne, choisir la position amont. Les jumelles sont obligatoires (12 x 50). L’utilisation d’un appareil photographique pour prendre en photos certains sujets est utile. Si possible, il est conseillé de travailler en binôme.
L’utilisation de la méthode Archi requiert une formation préalable. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20681
The average foliar deficit varies from 30 to 60% depending on the case. The average percentage of the highest mortalities is 20% for Haute-Corse and 20 to 30% for the eastern Pyrenees.
In all the regions, the health of the trees is not deteriorating and the mortalities for 2013-2018 are fairly low.
This study has enabled relationships to be established between the foliar deficit, the quality of the forest stations and the level of water stress in the year preceding the plot rating. Poor work is the main abiotic factor also explaining defoliation.
Biotic factors (Bombyx disparate,…) in 38% of the observations also explain crown defoliation.The oak forest is an ecosystem that requires the hand of Man to be maintained in accordance with good practices. It is therefore essential to consider this ecosystem through sustainable management. This management will allow a follow-up in time of the cuts and works (harvesting the outer bark of cork oak or “demascling”) to be carried out to produce cork of quality while respecting the environmental and patrimonial value of the cork oak. In order to limit the impact on trees, it is important to avoid the exploitation of cork on stressed trees.
It would be interesting to develop these plots and to define a common methodology in other cork producing countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Sardinia,...). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20680
Le déficit foliaire moyen varie de 30 à 60% selon les cas. Le pourcentage moyen des plus fortes mortalités est de 20% pour la Haute-Corse et de 20 à 30% pour les Pyrénées orientales.
Sur l’ensemble des régions la santé des arbres ne se dégrade pas et les mortalités pour 2013-2018 sont assez faibles.
Cette étude a permis d’établir des relations entre le déficit foliaire, la qualité des stations forestières et le niveau de stress hydrique de l’année précédant la notation des placettes. Les mauvais travaux sont le principal facteur abiotique expliquant également les défoliations.
Les facteurs biotiques (Bombyx disparate,…) sur 38% des observations permettent d’expliquer également la défoliation des houppiers. La suberaie est un écosystème nécessitant pour perdurer la main de l’Homme dans le respect des bonnes pratiques. Il est ainsi essentiel de considérer cet écosystème au travers d’une gestion durable. Cette gestion permettra un suivi dans le temps des coupes et des travaux (démasclage, récolte du liège,…) à effectuer pour produire du liège de qualité tout en respectant la valeur environnementale et patrimoniale du chêne-liège. Il est important, pour limiter l’impact sur les arbres, d’éviter l’exploitation du liège sur des arbres stressés.
Il serait intéressant de développer ces placettes et de définir une méthodologie commune dans d’autres pays producteurs de liège (Portugal, Espagne, Italie, Sardaigne,…) More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20680
The zigzag transect was applied within a homogeneous Montado area. Its length was obtained by dividing the size-area by the total number of sample trees. The trees selected were closest to the sampling points defined at equal distances on the line. The sampling error is high but the transect can be implemented in a day.
To decrease the sampling error from 15% to 10%, the sampling time must increase by 49%.
The high variability of cork value among trees in the same stand suggest the use of cluster sampling, where the cluster is a group of neighbouring trees.
The single-stage cluster sampling is more efficient than random sampling of the same size and guarantees a reasonable sampling error (< = 15%), compatible to one day of work.The estimation of cork value before its extraction is very important to forest landowners. Cork sampling is recommended to be accomplished following the specific sampling procedures presented. Since this procedure implies additional costs, its optimisation regarding the number of clusters and trees sampled should be considered.
The recommended number of trees per cluster is five to seven. If data from prior samplings are unavailable, the number of clusters should be between 20 and 30. Otherwise, the previously available information will be used to determine the number of clusters (Figure 2). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20605
O transepto em zigzag é aplicado numa área homogénea de montado. O seu comprimento é obtido pela razão entre a área e o número total de árvores amostradas. Estas são selecionadas na vizinhança dum ponto determinado a distâncias equivalentes na linha. O erro associado é alto, mas pode ser realizado numa jorna;
Para reduzir o erro de amostragem de 15% para 10%, o tempo de amostragem aumenta 49%.
A elevada variação do valor da cortiça entre árvores dum povoamento sugere o uso de uma amostragem por clusters, onde um grupo de árvores vizinhas é o cluster.
A amostragem por cluster em 1 etapa é mais eficiente do que uma amostragem aleatória da mesma dimensão e garante um erro razoável (A estimativa do preço da cortiça antes da sua extração são importantes para os proprietários florestais. Recomenda-se que a amostragem seja feita seguindo o procedimento específico apresentado. Uma vez que este procedimento está associado a custos acrescidos, a sua otimização relativamente ao número de parcelas e árvores amostradas deve ser tida em conta.
O número recomendado de árvores por grupo é 5-7. Se não existir informação precedente no povoamento sobre a qualidade de cortiça, o número de clusters a realizar deve ser entre 20 e 30. Caso exista a informação disponível de amostragens anteriores o número de clusters (grupos) deverá ser determinado com recurso a essa informação (Figura 2). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20605
The Cork Carbon Footprint Model (CCFM), developed for the Portuguese cork sector, indicated that this sector is a carbon sink. It considers the listed products in Figure 1 that represent 92% of the total cork products produced in Portugal, while the remaining are mainly decorative or fashion products.
Figure 2 shows that carbon retained by the forest is greater than the GHG emissions of the whole sector, including biogenic carbon. Also, it shows the hotspots in the manufacturing of mainly agglomerated products as resins are mixed with cork granules during production.
Cork oak forests and cork products as a carbon sink have the potential to mitigate carbon emission in the atmosphere.The CCFM allows to select the following:
The cork type used as raw material and its respective quantity;
The distances in-between the different stages;
The product end-of-life destination, which may be recycling, incineration or landfilling.
Including the biogenic carbon and considering a longer horizon influences the cork carbon footprint (CCF). When excluding biogenic carbon, the sLCA presents greater CF, while dLCA presents smaller CF for the 100 years horizon, and the opposite occurs for the 20 years horizon.
The carbon in cork products can be permanently stored in landfill facilities since only a small part is released into the atmosphere due to the anaerobic conditions prevailing in landfills. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20603
Foi desenvolvido um modelo para avaliar a pegada de carbono (CCFM) para o sector português da cortiça, cujos resultados indicaram que este sector é um sumidouro de carbono. Neste modelo foram considerados os produtos listados na figura 1, que representam 92% do total de produtos de cortiça produzidos em Portugal, sendo os restantes produtos de decoração ou moda. A Figura 2 ilustra que o carbono retido pela floresta é superior às emissões de GEE de todo este sector, quando incluído o carbono biogênico. Também indica que o foco das emissões está na manufaturação, devido aos produtos aglomerados que misturam resinas com a cortiça granulada.
A área florestal de sobreiros e os produtos de cortiça sendo um sumidouro de carbono têm o potencial de mitigar a emissão de carbono na atmosfera.O modelo para avaliar a pegada de carbono da cortiça (CCFM) permite selecionar:
O tipo de cortiça utilizado como matéria-prima e a respetiva quantidade
As distâncias entre as várias etapas
O destino de fim de vida do produto, que pode ser reciclagem, incineração ou aterro sanitário
A inclusão do carbono biogênico e um horizonte mais longo influencia a pegada de carbono da cortiça (CF). Ao excluir o carbono biogênico, o sLCA apresenta maior CF, enquanto o dLCA apresenta menor CF para um horizonte de 100 anos, enquanto o oposto ocorre para um horizonte de 20 anos.
O carbono nos produtos de cortiça pode ser armazenado permanentemente nas instalações do aterro sanitário, porque apenas uma pequena parte é libertada para a atmosfera devido às condições anaeróbicas que prevalecem nos aterros. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20603
The management of the dead trees should be different acording to the plague/ disease that is present, to minimize the spreading inside the farm.
For the case of Platypus (and Xyleborus): quick removal of the felled wood; in case of permanence of the wood inside the farm, open the logs to expose the platypus galleries and cover the wood piles with polyethylene (solarization effect); in the field, cover the stumps with soil or brush them with insecticide to avoid dispersion of the insects.
In the case of Hypoxylon mediterraneum: minimize the affected logs transportation inside the farm; proceed with a carefull destruction of the wood residues (branches) with fire.
In case of Phytophthora: leave the fellings in infected areas to last; do not realize the felling in wet soil conditions, to minimize the soil particles transport on tractor wheels or shoes to the non infected areas; reduce the transport outside the roads and rails.- Annual marking of cork oaks and dead holm oaks, if possible with georeferenciation;
- Request for felling authorization (if applicable);
- Identification of the main causes of mortality by assessing the signs and symptoms present;
- Collect and realize laboratory analysis of soil samples and / or vegetal material, when necessary to identify the biotic agents present;
- Planning and carrying out annual felling of dead trees, adapting the measures to be implemented to the main causes identified;
- Hire qualified personnel and maintain regular monitoring of the work. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20562
A gestão das árvores mortas deve ser distinta consoante o agente biótico presente para minimizar a dispersão na propriedade.
Plátipo (ou Xileboro):
• Rápida remoção da madeira cortada;
• Em caso de permanência na propriedade, abrir o tronco para expor as galerias do plátipo;
• Cobrir a madeira em estaleiro com polietileno (solarização);
• Tapar os cepos com terra ou pincelar com insecticida.
Carvão do entrecasco
• Minimizar transporte da madeira pelo interior da propriedade;
• Destruição cuidada dos resíduos de abate (ramos e raminhos) através da queima;
Fitoftora
• Deixar para último a realização dos abates em zonas infectadas com fitoftora;
• Não realizar o abate em condições de solo muito húmido para minimizar o transporte de partículas de solo nas rodas dos tratores e no calçado para as zonas não infectadas;
• Minimizar a circulação dos veículos fora dos caminhos e dos trilhos;- Marcação anual dos sobreiros e das azinheiras secas, se possível com georeferrenciação através de GPS;
- Solicitação de pedido de autorização (se aplicável);
- Identificação das principais causas da mortalidade através da avaliação dos sinais e sintomas presentes;
- Recolha e análise laboratorial de amostras de solo e/ ou material vegetal, quando necessário para proceder à identificação dos agentes bióticos presentes;
- Abertura de perfis de solo para identificação de constrangimentos ao desenvolvimento radicular;
- Planeamento e realização de abate anual das árvores mortas, adaptando as medidas a implementar às principais causas identificadas;
- Contratação de pessoal qualificado e acompanhamento regular dos trabalhos de abate. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20562
Today, the main logistic issues that producers face are:
- Evaluation of available labor and proper hiring;
- Compatibility of labor availability with the optimal debarking season;
- Decision on stacking or loading with direct transport to the factory.
The option of stacking cork can be beneficial in situations where the initial humidity is lower and when the moisture discount normally associated with loading can become too penalizing in the business. In cases where the cork humidity in the debarking period is high, the option of stacking is less advantageous, since the costs of storing and insuring the pile have a very significant weight in this option.
Another factor to take into consideration will be the amount of cork to be harvested. Larger amounts dilute the costs/ unit and make the possibility of stacking more interesting.1 - Know the cork moisture at the time of debarking, in the region;
2 - Consider the determining characteristics in the sale: the moisture discount conditions agreed with the buyer; the expected amount of cork to be harvested; the humidity of the cork at the time of extraction (make a moisture sample); the climate conditions of the year.
3 - Compare the two possible scenarios, based on reference data in the region and the conditions proposed by the buyer;
4 - Based on the previous points, decide on the model of the sales contract and the best form of commercialization (pile or loading). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20519
As principais questões logísticas com as quais os produtores hoje em dia se debatem são:
Avaliação da mão-de-obra disponível e contratação atempada;
Compatibilização da disponibilidade de mão-de-obra com a época ótima de extracção;
Decisão de empilhamento ou carregamento com transporte direto para a fábrica.
A opção por empilhar a cortiça pode ser benéfica nas situações em que a humidade inicial é mais baixa e em que o desconto de humidade normalmente associado ao carregamento se pode tornar demasiado penalizador no negócio. Nos casos em que a humidade à extracção é elevada, a opção por empilhar é menos vantajosa, uma vez que os custos com a guarda e o seguro da pilha têm um peso muito significativo nesta opção. A dimensão da extracção será ainda outro factor a ter em conta, dado que tiragens maiores diluem mais estes custos e tornam a hipótese de empilhar mais interessante.Conhecer a humidade da cortiça à data da extracção, na região;
Ponderar as características determinantes na venda: as condições de desconto de humidade acordadas com o comprador; a dimensão da tiragem (quantidade de arrobas previstas); a humidade da cortiça à data da extracção (realize uma amostra de humidade); as condições climatéricas do ano.
Compare os dois cenários possíveis, com base em dados de referência na região e nas condições propostas pelo comprador;
Com base nos pontos anteriores decida sobre o modelo do contrato de venda e a melhor forma de comercialização (empilhamento ou carregamento). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20519
Wounds are potential entrance places for pests and fungi. They decrease the cork oak's resistance to fires (inside the wound the lack of cork or less thickness in the healing area decreases the temperature control inside the tree, thus reducing the protective effect on the woody tissues), make subsequent extractions difficult (the presence of different cork thicknesses entails greater risks of ripping out the cambium) and devalue cork, as the produced boards are smaller and a higher amount of small pieces of cork is obtained (less valuable). Also, the wounds can have a negative impact on the tree vigor due to the provision of resources for cicatrization.Restrict pruning to young trees (more vigorous to close the cutting wounds);
Ensure clean, smooth and inclined cuts (facilitate healing);
Disinfect the cutting tools (products without chlorine);
Do not start extracting cork out of season (cambium can blister);
Ensure close professional monitoring during of pruning, extraction and control of vegetation operations;
In case of accidental wounds, regularize the broken area by cutting (allowing the healing tissues to develop);
In open wounds, avoid the extraction of cork in the surronding area;
Avoid the use of healing products (they maintain humidity and conditions favourable to fungi and interfere with the formation of scar tissue). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20517
As feridas são potenciais locais de entrada de pragas e fungos. Diminuem a capacidade de resistência dos sobreiros aos incêndios (no local das feridas a inexistência ou menor espessura de cortiça na zona de cicatrização diminui o controlo da temperatura para o interior da árvore, diminuindo assim o efeito protector sobre os tecidos lenhosos), dificultam extracções posteriores (existência de tecidos de diferentes espessuras acarreta maiores riscos de arranque do entrecasco) e desvalorizam a cortiça, na medida em que as pranchas produzidas são de menor dimensão e há maior quantidade de bocados aquando da extração (menos valorizados). Podem ainda ter impacto sobre o vigor da árvore dada a necessidade de assegurar reservas para a cicatrização.Restringir as podas às árvores jovens (mais vigor para fecharem as feridas de corte); Assegurar cortes limpos, rentes e a lavar (facilitam a cicatrização); Desinfectar as ferramentas de corte (produtos sem cloro); Não iniciar a extração de cortiça fora da época (pode empolar o entrecasco); Assegurar um acompanhamento profissional dos trabalhos de poda, extracção e controlo da vegetação espontânea; Em caso de feridas acidentais regularizar através de corte a zona partida (permitir o desenvolvimento dos tecidos de cicatrização); Em feridas abertas evitar a extracção de cortiça na proximidade; Evitar o uso de produtos cicatrizantes (mantêm a humidade e condições propícias para os fungos e interferem com a formação do tecido de cicatrização). More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20517
The soil mobilization up to 20 cm deep has the following consequences (5):
- 40% loss of root volume
- breakdown of root structure
- limitation of hydraulic tree redistribution
- loss of tree functionality
Cutting the roots by mobilizing the soil, decreases the water catchment capacity and aggravates water stress, which can lead to mortality due to interruption of the root-leaf transport system, once the trees are decoupled from the water supply sources.
Shrub cutters, as a mechanized intervention, allow effective control of vegetation, distributing organic matter on the soil surface, ensuring the preservation of the cork oaks root systems, and contributing to soil conservation against erosion.Avoid soil mobilization, especially in soil conditions with depth limitations, poor in organic matter and poor water retention capacity;
Preferably use the shrub cutters to carry out the control of shrub vegetation;
Confine the mobilization of the soil (harrowing) to strategic areas for forest fire defense;
Combine the various existing techniques for vegetation control (shrub cutter, shredders, extensive grazing and harrowing) according to the characteristics of the property;
Maintain areas of less intervention, by bands or patches, to promote the establishment of natural regeneration and reduce soil erosion risk. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20516
A mobilização do solo até 20 cm de profundidade tem como consequências (5):
perda de 40% do volume radicular
quebra da estrutura radicular
limitação da redistribuição hidráulica da árvore
quebra da funcionalidade da árvore
O corte das raízes através da mobilização do solo, diminui a capacidade de captação de água e agrava o stress hídrico, podendo conduzir à mortalidade por interrupção do sistema de transporte raíz-folhas, uma vez que ocorra o desacoplamento das árvores das fontes de abastecimento de água.
Os corta-matos , enquanto intervenção mecanizada, permitem o controlo eficaz da vegetação, distribuindo a matéria orgânica à superfície, garantindo a preservação dos sistemas radiculares, e contribuindo para a conservação do solo.Evitar a mobilização do solo, principalmente em condições de solos com limitações de profundidade, pobres em matéria orgânica e fraca capacidade de retenção de água;
Utilizar preferencialmente o corta-matos para realizar o controlo da vegetação arbustiva;
Confinar a mobilização do solo (gradagem) às zonas estratégicas para defesa da floresta contra incêndios;
Combinar as diversas técnicas existentes para controlo da vegetação (corta matos, destroçadores, pastoreio extensivo e grade) de acordo com as caraterísticas da propriedade;
Manter áreas de menor intervenção, por faixas ou em manchas, para promoção do estabelecimento da regeneração natural e diminuição dos riscos de erosão. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20516
In light of the need for an adequate IFN4 for the collection of cork data, the IFN included new variables to make estimates of cork stocks at the national level. The IFN4 collects circumference data on cork at chest height, cork height and cork caliper. Cork samples are taken from a maximum of 4 trees per plot to estimate the quality of the cork (in terms of porosity) and its age. The collected data will allow: (i) to know the volume of standing cork at the time of the inventory, (ii) to estimate the expected cork growth (productivity) through the existing cork growth models that use as input data the age of the cork and its caliper at a given moment, (iii) make an estimate of both the productivity of cork, but also of its quality using the porosity of the samples as an indicator.Having this information regarding the cork production provided by the IFN will allow us to know the resources that we currently have and to be able to comply with the information requirements at national and international level. An example would be the SOEF Report (State of Europe’s Forest) of Forest Europe. But in addition, this information will serve to articulate a stronger cork sector, through the characterization of the cork oak stands, based on the best growths and the best qualities. This characterization will allow to identify those areas or masses most interesting for its use. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20514
Dada la necesidad de contar con un IFN4 adecuado a la recolección de datos de corcho, el IFN incluyó nuevas variables a medir. El IFN4 toma datos de circunferencia normal sobre corcho, altura de descorche y calibre de corcho. Se toman muestras de corcho de hasta 4 árboles por parcela para poder estimar la calidad del corcho (en términos de porosidad) y su edad. Los datos recogidos permitirán: (i) conocer el volumen de corcho en pie en el momento del inventario, (ii) estimar el crecimiento de corcho esperable (productividad) usando los modelos de crecimiento de corcho existentes con datos de entrada la edad de corcho y su calibre, (iii) hacer una estimación de la productividad de corcho y su calidad en función de la porosidad de las muestrasDisponer de esta información en cuanto a la producción corchera proporcionada por el IFN nos permitirá conocer los recursos de los que disponemos en la actualidad y poder dar cumplimiento a los requerimientos de información a nivel nacional e internacional. Un ejemplo sería el Informe SOEF (State of Europe’s Forest) de Forest Europe. Pero además, esta información servirá para articular un sector corchero más fuerte, a través de la caracterización de las masas de alcornoque, en función de los mejores crecimientos y las mejores calidades. Esta caracterización permitirá identificar aquellas zonas o masas más interesantes para su aprovechamiento. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20514
Conditions harmful to natural regeneration: soil mobilization; absence of regeneration protection under grazing; reduced number of trees in reproductive age (aged stands with a single age class); high degree of coverage by xerophytic shrubs, like Cistus sp.
Shrubs can facilitate recruitment of the cork oak, but their protective effect depends on the species present and the environmental conditions.
Facilitation occurs in areas of clearing or very sparse stands. If, in areas of abundant shrubs, the acorn may not be able to germinate due to lack of light and water, in the exposed areas, solar radiation and the potential for evapotranspiration can be limiting to germination and development. The shrubs shading decreases these stress conditions.In abandoned cork oak forests, management should promote the opening of clearings creating opportunities for the establishment of the natural regeneration;
Areas without grazing for long periods of time (15-20 years) increase the potential for natural regeneration by decreasing the predation effect on existing seeds and young plants;
The creation of set-aside areas, will lead to shrubs development that will be able to protect the acorns and the recruitment of new plants;
Individual protection of young plants, with net protectors, reduces the risk of predation by grazing or damage by trampling;
Shrub control should preferably be carried out using techniques that do not mobilize the soil, namely with shrub cutters. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20503
Condições prejudiciais à regeneração natural: mobilização do solo; ausência de proteção da regeneração em condições de pastoreio; reduzido número de árvores em idade reprodutiva ; elevado grau de cobertura por arbustos xerofíticos como os sargaços.
Os arbustos podem ser facilitadores do recrutamento do sobreiro, mas o seu efeito protetor depende das espécies presentes e das condições ambientais. A facilitação ocorre em zonas de clareira ou povoamentos muito esparsos. Se em zonas de mato abundante a bolota pode não conseguir germinar por falta de luz e água, nas áreas expostas, a radiação solar e o potencial de evapotranspiração podem ser limitantes à germinação e desenvolvimento, aligeirando o ensombramento as condições de stress.Em montados abandonados, a gestão deverá promover a abertura de clareiras criando oportunidades ao estabelecimento da renegeração;
Áreas sem pastoreio por longos períodos de tempo (15-20 anos) aumentam a probabilidade de regeneração diminuindo o efeito de predação sobre as sementes existentes e as plantas jovens;
A criação de áreas de set-aside, conduzirá ao desenvolvimento arbustivo que poderá proteger as bolotas e o recrutamento de novas plantas;
A protecção individual das jovens plantas, com protectores de rede, diminui os riscos de predação por pastoreio ou danos por pisoteio.
O controlo da vegetação espontânea deve ser realizado preferencialmente através de técnicas que não mobilizem o solo, nomeadamente com corta-matos. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20503
Shrub cover and diversity, as well as the abundance of oak seedlings and saplings is significantly higher in certified conservation zones. The ecological condition of water streamlines occurring in certified cork oak woodlands is also significantly higher than in non-certified woodlands. Establishing a number of conservation zones contributes to increase habitat heterogeneity at the estate level. Trade-offs however need to be considered, namely in conservation zones, as higher biodiversity and above ground carbon-stocks may trade-off with higher wildfire hazard. We also developed a methodology allowing the identification of geographical areas that optimize the conservation biodiversity and ecosystem services.Establishing conservation zones in certified cork oak woodlands contributes to habitat heterogeneity and therefore animal and plant diversity at the estate level. Oak regeneration can also be favoured in conservation zones but outcomes may depend on degree of shrub cover as well as shrub species identity. Whilst in some instances shrubs may protect and benefit oak survival in other situation they may compete with seedlings and saplings. This needs verification in the field. Additionally, management objectives related to the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services must be clear as potential trade-offs occur. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20446
O grau de cobertura e a diversidade arbustiva, bem como a abundância de plântulas e plantas de sobreiro é significativamente maior nas áreas de conservação certificadas. O estado de conservação das linhas de água que estão presentes nos montados de sobro é também significativamente mais elevado do que em montados não certificados. O estabelecimento de várias zonas de conservação contribui para o aumento da heterogeneidade de habitats ao nível da propriedade. A delimitação das zonas de conservação com maior biodiversidade e sequestro de carbono na biomassa pode porém acarretar um maior risco de incêndio, pelo que há que estabelecer um balanço equilibrado entre estas componentes. Foi ainda desenvolvida uma metodologia para identificação das áreas geográficas que optimizam a conservação da biodiversidade e dos serviços de ecossistema.O estabelecimento de zonas de conservação em montados certificados contribui para a heterogeneidade do habitat e portanto para a diversidade de flora e fauna à escala da propriedade. A regeneração do sobreiro pode também ser favorecida, porém está dependente do grau de cobertura dos montados e das espécies de arbustos presentes. Se em alguns casos, os arbustos podem proteger e favorecer a sobrevivência dos sobreiros, noutros competem com as plântulas e jovens plantas , tornando necessário a verificação no campo. Para além disso, as opções de gestão relacionadas com a conservação da biodiversidade e dos serviços de ecossistema têm de ser claras dada a necessidade de equilíbrio com outras componentes da gestão. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20446
There is a linear relation between cgi values for consecutive extractions, showing differences in cork growth among individual trees over time. The cgi was positively related to precipitation levels in the cgp.
Cgi values increased with the diameter at breast height under cork, and total tree height. Stand density, for values between 87 and 334 trees per ha, did not limit cgi values.
Increasing debarking coefficients had a significant, small negative effect on secondary cork thickness in the average-low productivity class stand (Leptosoils, inland), while there was no effect in the high productivity class site (Podzols, seaside). In adult trees across the permanent plots, cgi was negatively affected by the number of debarked main branches.With climate change, cork growth may be affected by the rising irregularity of annual precipitation and its average yearly value reduction. Cork harvesting should factor in information on the climate (mainly precipitation) of the nine previous years.
Debarking intensity should be defined during the debarking operation, considering cork thickness, sanitary assessment of the tree and site conditions. Conservative values below the legal limit are recommended for low productivity sites. The maximum legal values may be applied for others. Thus, forest managers must select trained operators provided with suitable previous formation and guidelines, followed by a close follow-up of the debarking operation on field. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20368
Os valores de cgi entre descortiçamentos apresentam correlação significativa, indicando um efeito da árvore individual que se mantem entre tiradas. O cgi mostrou-se ainda positivamente correlacionado com a precipitação acumulada no período de crescimento da cortiça.
Os valores de cgi estão correlacionados com valor do diâmetro à altura do peito e com a altura total da árvore. A densidade do povoamento, para valores entre 87 e 334 árvores por hectare, não se mostrou correlacionada com os valores de cgi.
O aumento do índice de descortiçamento esteve relacionado, com efeito significativo e negativo com a espessura da cortiça secundeira no povoamento de classe de produtividade baixa (Leptosolos, região interior). No povoamento de classe de produtividade alta (Pódzois, região litoral) não foi encontrado qualquer efeito.Num contexto de alterações climáticas é de esperar que o crescimento da cortiça seja afetado pela crescente irregularidade da precipitação e pela redução do seu valor médio anual. A operação do descortiçamento deve assim ser realizada tendo em consideração o clima (em particular a precipitação) dos nove anos anteriores.
Relativamente à intensidade de descortiçamento, esta deve ser definida tendo em consideração o calibre da cortiça, as condições sanitárias da árvore e as características do local. Valores conservadores, inferiores aos máximos legais, são recomendados para o caso de sites de baixa produtividade. Para outros locais, os valores máximos da legislação podem ser aplicados.
A seleção de operadores experientes, o estabelecimento de planos de formação adequada e o acompanhamento da operação de descortiçamento são fatores determinantes. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20368
Provenances respond to drought stress using different physiological and biochemical strategies. The effect of drought was more remarkable in AS, SDZ, and KER populations than in JCH, MEJ, and FEJ ones. Water stress led to a significant decrease in leaf conductivity and stomatal conductance which AS presented the highest values and SDZ and KER that presented the lowest values. AS was more tolerant while SDZ and KER were more sensitive to drought conditions. In addition, water stress affected the contents of soluble in the leaf of all populations studied. The highest increases in soluble carbohydrates were observed in MEJ and AS per cons, the lowest ones were recorded in JES, FEJ. The highest proline concentration was recorded in MEJ and KER.The dissimilarity of Pearson based on the aggregation method was found to separate the provenances into three clusters at a mean distance of 0.35. According to the amount of variation of some parameters, populations from AS, were clearly separated from the rest of the populations. This analysis allowed us to identify the most tolerant populations facing the hardening of future climates including the AS and JCH populations. Consequently, the use of selected populations who have shown tolerance under water deficit conditions offer better guarantees for their success in reforestation programs and ensures an adaptation of the cork oak forests to the drought scenario predicted in our country. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20227
Les provenances réagissent au stress hydrique en utilisant différentes stratégies physiologiques et biochimiques. L'effet de déficit hydrique a été plus remarquable chez AS, SDZ et KER. Le stress hydrique a conduit à une diminution significative de la conductivité hydraulique et de la conductance stomatique dont la provenance AS présente les valeurs les plus élevées. SDZ et KER ont enregistré les valeurs les plus faibles. La provenance AS a monté une tolérance à la sécheresse. Le stress hydrique a affecté le contenu en sucres solubles chez toutes les populations. Les teneurs les plus élevées en sucres solubles ont été observées dans MEJ et AS par contre les plus faibles ont été enregistrées dans JES et FEJ. La concentration de proline la plus élevée a été enregistrée dans MEJ et KER.La dissimilarité de Pearson basée sur la méthode d'agrégation a permis de séparer les provenances en trois groupes à une distance moyenne de 0,35. Selon l'ampleur de la variation de certains paramètres, la population de SA est clairement séparées du reste des populations. Cette analyse nous a permis d'identifier les populations les plus tolérantes face au durcissement du climat futur dont AS et JCH. Par conséquent, l'utilisation de populations sélectionnées qui ont fait preuve de tolérance dans des conditions de déficit hydrique offrent de meilleures garanties pour leur réussite dans les programmes de reboisement et assure une adaptation des forêts de chênes-lièges au scénario de sécheresse prévu dans notre pays. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20227
Analysis of variance showed significant differences between trees within the same stand for three morphological traits of acorns. The exception was observed in Ouchtata’s stand and the greatest variability in Mejjen Essaf’s stand.
Likewise, it showed differences between the stands for the three morphological traits. Ain Drahem’s stand, at high altitude, has the shortest acorns. The longest are from Bellif at low altitude. The ouchtata’s stand has at low altitude the highest mass and diameter.
The correlation is negative and very highly significant between altitude and length, altitude and diameter. However, R² is positive between length and mass. It is small between length and diameter (R² = 0.235) and the mass but highly significant.This study should serve as a guide for the selection of trees producing fruit with the desirable morphological characteristics for the regeneration of natural forests of cork oak forests. So, as the Bellif forest is well known for its large-diameter trees, it is recommended to use the acorns collected from this forest.
Physico-chemical analyzes will be developed to recommend acorns in the food industry to serve as flour for bread making, confectionery. In fact, bringing light on the use of acorns for edible purposes could limit the waste of a nutritious and healthy food source and ensure sustainable development and food security. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20142
L’ANOVA a montré des différences significatives entre les arbres au sein du même peuplement pour les trois traits morphologiques des glands. L’exception a été observée à Ouchtata et la plus grande variabilité à Mejjen Essaf.
De même, elle a montré des différences entre les peuplements. Le peuplement Ain Drahem, à haute altitude, présente les glands les plus courts. Les plus longs sont issus du peuplement Bellif à basse altitude.
La corrélation est négative et très fortement significative entre l'altitude et la longueur, l'altitude et le diamètre. Cependant, R² est positif entre la longueur et la masse, faible entre la longueur et le diamètre (R² = 0,235) et celui-ci et la masse mais très hautement significatif.Cette étude devrait servir de guide pour la sélection des arbres produisant des fruits présentant les caractéristiques morphologiques souhaitables pour la régénération des forêts naturelles des forêts de chêne-liège. Ainsi, la forêt de Bellif étant réputée pour ses arbres de grand diamètre, il est recommandé d’utiliser les glands récoltés dans cette forêt.
Des analyses physico-chimiques seront élaborées afin de recommander les glands dans l’industrie agro-alimentaire pour servir comme farine pour la panification, la confiserie. En effet, faire la lumière sur l’utilisation des glands à des fins comestibles pourrait limiter le gaspillage d’une source d’aliments nutritifs et sains et assurer le développement durable et la sécurité alimentaire. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20142
The method used is based essentially on data collected in the field:
- Count the number of cork stack according to the existing categories
- For each stack of cork, measure at random 2 lengths, 3 widths and 10 heights
- Determine the size of the sample to be weighed from each stack of cork, 1/10 of the length of the stack
- Select at random one end of the stack and mark with a vertical band using a touch-up bomb the limit of the sample
- Weigh the total quantity of the cork of the determined sample,
- Measure using a moisture meter the moisture content of four boards taken at random relative to each weighing
-The difference between the quantities of cork surveyed (50 649 quintals) and those actually weighed (52 738 quintals) is equal to 4%, therefore the quantities retained and sold by tender are those weighed,
-The total number of parks surveyed is 31.-The declaration of the quantities weighed by the regional forest services must be for each pile and not on the whole cork park. Because if there is a difference between the quantities weighed and those estimated beyond plus or minus 5%, the administration will be asked to make a second estimate of all the stacks of cork.
-The weighing operation remains the best way to determine the actual quantity of cork produced. Therefore, at the time of weighing, the presence of the forest technician is mandatory to ensure regular control. Knowing that the weighing operation is done with workers sites non-qualified. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20132
La méthode utilisée est basée essentiellement sur les données relevées sur le terrain terrain.
-Compter le nombre de pile en liège selon les catégories existants
-Pour chaque pile de liège, mesurer au hasard 2 longueurs, 3 largeurs et 10 hauteurs
-Déterminer la dimension de l’échantillon à peser de chaque pile de liège de reproduction
-Choisir au hasard une extrémité de la pile et marquer par une bande verticale à l’aide d’une bombe à retouche la limite de l’échantillon
-Peser la quantité totale du liège de l’échantillon déterminé,
-Mesurer à l’aide d’un humidimètre le taux d’humidité de 4 planches pris au hasard relatif à chaque pesée.
-L’écart entre les quantités du liège sondées (50 649 quintaux) et celles pesées réellement (52 738 quintaux) est égale à 4 %, par conséquent les quantités retenues et vendues par adjudication sont celles pesées,
-Le nombre des parcs sondés est 31.- La déclaration des quantités de liège pesées par les services forestiers régionaux doit se faire pour chaque pile et non sur l'ensemble du parc. En cas de différence entre les quantités pesées et celles estimées de plus ou moins 5%, l'administration doit effectuer une seconde estimation de toutes les piles de liège,
- L’opération de pesage reste la meilleure façon pour déterminer la quantité réelle du liège produite. Par conséquent, au moment du pesage la présence du technicien forestier est obligatoire pour assurer un contrôle régulier. Sachant que l'opération de pesée se fait avec des chantiers non qualifiés. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20132
Given the significant threat that TCA and other similar molecules presented to its products, DIAM, in collaboration with the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), began working on the development of processes that made it possible to obtain TCA-free technical cork stoppers. The result of this work is the DIAMANT ® process, a patented industrial process that cleans the cork of TCA and similar compounds (TeCA, PCA, TBA ...). It is based on the use of CO2 at certain conditions of temperature and pressure that make CO2 behave like a supercritical fluid, combining the diffusion properties of gas and liquid transport and obtaining a sensorially neutral cork.This success story gives an idea of the importance of innovation in the improvement of production processes. Thanks to the development of this DIAMANT technology, the cork off-flavour has stopped of being a threat to become an opportunity for the expansion of the company. Investment in innovation is a key factor in the survival of business models like this, in which the incursion of new materials in the market, with better characteristics can seriously weaken the sector. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20130
Dada la importante amenaza que el TCA y otras moléculas similares presentaban para sus productos, DIAM en colaboración con la Comisaría de la energía atómica francesa (CEA) comenzó a trabajar en el desarrollo de procesos que posibilitasen la obtención de tapones técnicos de corcho libres de TCA. El resultado de dicho trabajos es el proceso DIAMANT ®, un proceso industrial patentado que limpia el corcho de TCA y compuestos similares (TeCA, PCA, TBA…). Se basa en la utilización de CO2 a unas determinadas condiciones de temperatura y presión que hacen que el CO2 se comporte como un fluído supercrítico, combinando las propiedades de difusión del gas y de transporte del líquido y obteniendo un corcho sensorialmente neutro.Este caso de éxito da una idea de la importancia que tiene la innovación en la mejora de los procesos de producción. Gracias al desarrollo de esta tecnología DIAMANT, El olor de corcho ha pasado a ser una amenzada para la utilización de corcho en el taponado de vinos, para convertirse en una oportunidad de cara a la expansión de la empresa. La inversión en innovación es un factor clave en la pervivencia de modelos de negocio como este, en el que la incursión de nuevos materiales en el mercado, con mejores caracterísiticas podrían debilitar seriamente al sector. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20130
The EAA is maximised by site index, cork quality and cgi distributions.
In stands characterised by high or medium site index and cork characteristics (quality and growth index), the scenarios considering discount rates of 0.5% and 2% provide similar values of EAA, when postponing the debarking for CDR values to 11 years. Stands characterised by low site index or cork characteristics presented lower, nearly constant, and in some cases, negative EAA values, irrespective of the CDR considered.
For the simulations carried out with a discount rate of 5%, the EAA decreases with the increase of CDR, indicating that the minimum legal value of nine years for CDR should be applied.Climate is known to affect cork annual growth and ultimately cork thickness. In recent years, there was an increase in the frequency of severe drought events in Portugal. As a result, for the same debarking rotation period, cork thickness may show a decreasing trend that may negatively impact cork price.
Among the essential parameters that assist the decision of whether to delay the debarking operation are the following:
Detailed knowledge of cork and stand characteristics based on the collection of samples in a forest inventory;
Awareness of climate conditions during the period of cork growth, namely precipitation regimes;
Collection of updated information on cork price structures and work labour costs. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19845
O valor de EAA é maximizado pelo índice de qualidade da estação e pelas distribuições de qualidade e do índice de crescimento da cortiça
Em povoamentos com índices de qualidade da estação médios-altos ou com características da cortiça (qualidade e índice de crescimento) média-alta, os cenários que consideram taxas de desconto de 0,5% e 2%, fornecem valores semelhantes de EAA, quando se adia o CDR para 11 anos. Povoamentos com índices de qualidade da estação baixos ou com qualidade da cortiça fraca, apresentaram valores de EAA mais baixos, quase constantes e, em alguns casos, negativos, independentemente do CDR considerado nas simulações
Para as simulações realizadas com uma taxa de desconto de 5%, a EAA decresce com o aumento do CDR, indicando que o valor mínimo legal de 9 anos para CDR deve ser aplicado.Sabe-se que o clima afeta o crescimento anual da cortiça e, portanto, a sua espessura. Nos últimos anos, tem-se verificado em Portugal um aumento na frequência de eventos de secura severa. Como resultado, para iguais períodos entre descortiçamentos, a espessura da cortiça apresenta uma tendência de decréscimo, o que pode ter um impacto negativo no seu preço.
Entre os parâmetros essenciais para apoiar a decisão de atrasar (ou não) a operação de descortiçamento, estão:
o conhecimento aprofundado das características da cortiça e do povoamento, baseado na recolha de amostras de cortiça no inventário florestal
perceção das condições climáticas, durante o período de crescimento da cortiça, nomeadamente os regimes de precipitação
a recolha de informação actualizada das estruturas e valores dos preços da cortiça e dos custos laborais. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19845
Young cork oak stands (< 25 years) are far from the self-thinning line, but density-dependent mortality was detected in older stands with higher densities. SC decreases with stand age, with values < 1.25 (equivalent to an RS = 0.5) observed only in the stands close to self-thinning. In young stands, RGR in diameter decreases with tree size, indicating that competition does not affect growth efficiency of small trees, but the relationship between RGR and tree diameter tends to stabilise over time due to the suppression of small trees. The RGRs of larger trees (diameter at breast height class > 20) do not decrease over time, indicating that competition is ineffective to their growth.The most common stand densities of young cork oak plantations may not lead to serious inter-tree competition before the first cork extraction. When the stand is approaching values of SC = 1.25 (RS = 0.5), a thinning operation should be performed to favour trees with slower growth. If those values are not achieved, it is advisable to wait until a second cork and tree quality assessment, with poor cork quality selected for thinning. Assessment of inter-tree competition status may primarily consider RS rather than SC, since this variable is easier to measure as it is not dependent on individual tree crown measurements. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19843
Os povoamentos jovens de sobreiro ( 20) não diminui com o tempo, indicando que a competição não está afetar o seu crescimento.As densidades de plantação, frequentemente observadas em povoamentos jovens de sobreiro, parecem não causar competição entre as árvores, antes do primeiro descortiçamento. Quando o povoamento se aproxima de valores de SC=1.25 (RS=0.5), o desbaste deve ser efetuado para favorecer as árvores com crescimentos mais lentos. Se estes valores não forem alcançados, é recomendado que i) se adie esta operação para obter a avaliação da qualidade da cortiça retirada na 2ª extração e ii) que se selecionem as árvores de baixa qualidade de cortiça para serem desbastadas. A avaliação da competição entre árvores deve, em primeiro lugar, basear-se no cálculo de RS em vez de SC uma vez que é mais fácil de medir e não depende de medidas da copa. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19843
Improved pasture system leads to an increase of herbaceous vegetation, especially legume species, and to the removal of shrubs. The improved pasture management did not increase soil organic C stock (0.7 kg m-2 decrease) but did enhance N accumulation in the upper 30 cm soil layer (39.7 g m-2 increase), when compared with the natural understory system. The increase of nitrogen availability in the upper 10 cm soil layer was accompanied by a significant decrease of the soil C:N ratio in the improved pasture system (26 to 17).
Tree recruitment is hampered in the improved pasture system, while in the natural understorey management soil organic carbon conservation and tree recruitment facilitation were achieved.The sustainable management of cork oak woodlands must always be site-specific. Including practices that promote trees regeneration is crucial to ensure their long-term viability and resulting provision of raw cork material to the industry. Concerning soil quality amelioration, the observed soil fertility benefits associated with improved pastures establishment could be achieved through the application of chemical fertilizers. Policies supporting improved pasture sowing should be revised to include other management alternatives, as these soils C sequestration potential enhancement appears not guaranteed by pasture installation alone. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19829
A pastagem melhorada conduziu a um aumento da vegetação herbácea (leguminosas) e à remoção dos arbustos. Este sistema de gestão não resultou no aumento do C orgânico do solo (decréscimo de 0,7 kg m-2), mas conduziu à acumulação de N nos primeiros 30 cm de profundidade (39,7 g m-2), quando comparado com o sistema de sobcoberto natural. O aumento da disponibilidade de N nos primeiros 10 cm do solo foi acompanhado por uma diminuição significativa da razão C:N do solo no sistema de pastagem melhorada (26 para 17).
Na área com pastagem melhorada a manutenção da regeneração natural é dificultada pela presença de gado, enquanto que no sistema de sobcoberto a manutenção do C orgânico e a regeneração natural são favorecidos.A gestão sustentável dos montados de sobro deve ser específica para cada local e/ou povoamento. A inclusão de práticas que promovam a regeneração natural dos sobreiros é fundamental para garantir a viabilidade do montado a longo prazo e a consequente disponibilidade de cortiça para a indústria.
Os benefícios para a fertilidade do solo, obtidos através da instalação da pastagem semeada, podem também ser obtidos através da aplicação de fertilizantes químicos.
As políticas que apoiam a instalação de pastagens melhoradas deverão ser revistas, de modo a incluir outras alternativas de gestão, uma vez que a sementeira destas pastagens não garante, por si só, o sequestro de C orgânico no solo. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19829
Overall, cork oak populations exhibited earlier budburst in the years with warmer winter months. Populations from Italy, Algeria, and Tunisia and some from Morocco, burst earlier than those from the western part of the species natural distribution. Differences reached 1 month!
Differences in budburst timing affected insect activity and consequently the amount of leaf damage. Increased percentage of attacked leaves coincides with the year when budburst was more concentrated in time and budburst occurred later. Populations from North Africa, with earlier budburst, were more exposed to pest damages. The most frequent observed pest was Periclista andrei. Damages from Tortrix viridana and Lymantria dispar were observed sporadically.The adaptation potential of forest ecosystems to rapid climatic changes is dependent on the existence of genetic variation within a species and constitutes a major challenge in forest management. Since cork oak populations do not perform equally for adaptive traits, such as budburst and leaf pest damage, future (re)forestation practices with the species, should consider seed origin to optimize the response to biotic threats and abiotic change. The use of well-adapted forest reproductive material will increase the competitive ability, survival and long-term success of tree species, contributing to healthier and more productive cork oak stands, and to economic gains for owners, rural populations and the cork industry. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19828
No geral, as populações de sobreiro abrolham mais cedo nos anos com invernos mais amenos. As populações italianas, argelinas e tunisinas e algumas de Marrocos, abrolharam mais cedo do que as populações mais ocidentais. Observaram-se diferenças de 1 mês na data de abrolhamento!
A data de abrolhamento afeta a atividade dos insetos e consequentemente a quantidade de danos foliares. A maior intensidade dos danos coincide com o ano em que o abrolhamento ocorreu mais concentrado no tempo, i.e., abrolhamento tardio. As populações do Norte de África, que abrolharam mais cedo, sofreram mais danos foliares. Periclista andrei foi a praga mais observada. Danos provocados por Tortrix viridana e Lymantria dispar ocorreram de forma esporádica.A adaptação dos ecossistemas florestais às alterações climáticas depende da existência de variação genética dentro da espécie constituindo, assim, um desafio na gestão florestal. Uma vez que as populações de sobreiro diferem na sua performance em características adaptativas, como o abrolhamento e suscetibilidade a danos foliares, as (re)florestações devem ter em conta a origem da semente, de forma a aumentar a resiliência dos povoamentos a stresses bióticos e abióticos. A utilização de material florestal de reprodução bem-adaptado, contribuirá para o sucesso a longo prazo dos povoamentos, através do aumento da vitalidade e produtividade dos sobreiros, com ganhos económicos para proprietários, populações rurais e a indústria da cortiça. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/19828
The arboretums set up throughout the country are 28 in number. They have the distinction of covering very different and very contrasting bioclimatic and edaphic conditions. 28 arboretums have been set up including 208 coniferous and broadleaved species in 32 genera that the most important are: Eucalyptus genus: 117 species; Acacia: 26 species; Pinus: 18 species; Casuarina: 7 species
The study of the adaptive behavior of the species relative to the different environmental conditions and the evaluation of their productivity has made it possible to draw up a list of the most suitable species for the environment and the most productive, suitable for many uses.Arboreta offer a wide range of species with different production and uses objectives:
Species of forest interest for the production of wood and biomass such as: Pinus laricio and Eucalyptus saligna, (in humid bioclimate), Pinus brutia and Eucalyptus brockwayi (in wet and semi-arid bioclimates).
Pastoral species of interest such as: Pistacia atlantica, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia salicina
Species of honey interest such as Eu bicolor, Eu gillii, Eu lehmani, Eu incressata, Eu
salubris, Eu Leucoxylon.
Species of ornamental interest including several species of Eucalyptus, Acacia and Cypress.
Bioenergetic species of interest: Eucalyptus diversifolia and Eu. lehmanii.
Agroforestry species of interest: Ceratonia siliqua and Argania spinosa. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20172
Les arboretums mis en place à travers tout les pays sont au nombre de 28. Ils ont la particularité de couvrir des conditions bioclimatiques et édaphiques très différentes et très contrastées.
28 arboretums comprennent 208 espèces résineuses et feuillues réparties en 32 genres dont les plus importants:
Genre Eucalyptus : 117 espèces
Genre Acacia : 26 espèces
Genre Pinus : 18 espèces
Genre Casuarina : 7 espèces
L’étude du comportement adaptatif des espèces en rapport avec les différents facteurs du milieu et l’évaluation de leur productivité a permis d’arrêter une liste des espèces les plus adaptées au milieu et les plus productives, convenant à des usages très diversifiés.Les arboretums offrent un éventail d’espèces répondant à des objectifs de production différents pour des usages très variés :
Des espèces d’intérêt forestier pour la production du bois et de la biomasse telles que Pinus laricio et Eucalyptus saligna, (en bioclimat humide) Pinus brutia et Eucalyptus brockwayi (en en bioclimats sub humide et semi aride).
Des espèces d’intérêt pastoral telles que : Pistacia atlantica, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia salicina.
Des espèces d’intérêt mellifère telles que : Eu. bicolor, Eu. gillii, Eu. lehmani, Eu. incressata, Eu. salubris, Eu. Leucoxylon.
Des espèces d’intérêt ornemental dont plusieurs espèces d’Eucalyptus, d’Acacia et de cyprès.
Des espèces d’intérêt bioénergétique telles que : Eucalyptus diversifolia et Eu lehmanii.
Des espèces d’intérêt agroforestier telles que : le caroubier et l’arganier. More Information: https://repository.incredibleforest.net/oppla-factsheet/20172
Contacts
Project coordinator
-
Project coordinator
Project partners
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner
-
Project partner