EUFRUIT: European Fruit Network

Chemical synthetic pesticides are needed to produce high quality fruits. However, the use of pesticides is put more and more into question in Switzerland. One possible solution to reduce the amount of applied insecticides in orchards are side nets to exclude pest insects. To investigate the influence of these nets on pest insects and the microclimate, Agroscope started in 2012 a long-term research project with the varieties Opal and Milwa-Diwa. Out of 16, eight tree rows are only covered with a hail net, whereas the other half is additionally enclosed with a fine-meshed side net from full bloom until harvest. Since 2016, the effects of the side net on pest and beneficial insects, fruit growth, the photosynthetic activity, the amount of fruits harvested, the fruit quality and the microclimate are measured.

First results indicate that side nets successfully protect apple orchards from pest insects without influencing temperature or fruit quality at harvest. However, undesirable side effects may occur as a consequence of increased humidity and reduced wind speed in plots with side nets. In 2017, therefore, we will also measure if fungal infections are increased in plots with side nets than in those without.

In 2018, a new model orchard with the varieties Gala and Bonita was planted. In addition to side nets to exclude pest insects, we will also install a rain cover to reduce fungal infections and thereafter hopefully apply not only fewer insecticides but also fewer fungicides.

Der Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln soll durch alternative Pflanzenschutzmassnahmen reduziert werden. Eine mögliche Massnahme stellen Netzabdeckungen zum Schutz vor Schädlingen dar. Seit 2012 untersucht Agroscope in einer Langzeiterhebung, ob im Kernobst (Sorten Opal und Milwa-Diwa) Insektizid- oder Akarizidanwendungen durch eine Totaleinnetzung eingespart werden können. Die Hälfte der Versuchsparzelle ist nur mit einem Hagelnetz überdeckt, während die Hälfte zusätzlich durch ein seitliches Insektenschutznetz von Blühbeginn bis zur Ernte umschlossen sind. Seit 2016 werden das Auftreten von Schädlingen und Nützlingen, das Fruchtwachstum, die Photosynthese, die Erntemenge, die Fruchtqualität und das Mikrolima in diesen beiden Netzvarianten gemessen.

Erste Ergebnisse deuten auf ein hohes Schutzpotenzial gegen wichtige Schädlinge hin, ohne die Temperatur oder die Erntequalität zu beeinflussen. Gleichzeitig können unerwünschte Nebeneffekte als Folge einer höheren Luftfeuchtigkeit und reduzierten Windstärke auftreten. Daher wurde 2017 zusätzlich auch das Auftreten von Pilzkrankheiten untersucht.

2018 wurde eine neue Modellanlage mit den Sorten Gala und Bonita gepflanzt. In diesem Versuch wird zusätzlich zum Insektennetz auch eine Regenabdeckung installiert werden, um das Infektionspotential von Pilzkrankheiten zu reduzieren. Mit dieser kombinierten Massnahme sollten nicht nur Insektizide, sondern auch der Einsatz von Fungiziden reduziert werden können.

Fruit thinning is an important activity for pipfruit growers that determines the economic result. Although it increases fruit size and has a positive effect on the number of flower buds for the next season, the thinning effect of 6-BA is sometimes insufficient. Combination of 6-BA with NAA (Fixor, 0.1 L/ha) is possible, but can yield over thinning in pear. Cloudiness with low radiation and high night temperatures in the days before and after Brevis application can result in too strong thinning. At the time of the severe night frost of 19 to 20 April 2017 one week after the end of bloom fruitlets were already formed and Brevis application did not result in over thinning. Growers did not apply Brevis in 2017 unless very late (18 mm or more) with no thinning effect as a result.

Also in apple 6-BA has a rather weak thinning effect and a small positive effect on fruit size, but it stimulates flower bud formation. Combination with NAA (Fixor, 0.1 L/ha) is possible on apple. Brevis at 1.1 kg/ha suffices for a moderate thinning. For strong thinning or cultivars that are difficult to thin it is best to use 1.1 kg/ha twice, while one application at 1.65 kg/ha is advised for ‘Golden’. Due to the severe frost damage in 2017 thinning in apple is required in 2018. Under good weather conditions during bloom early thinning with ammonium thiosulphate (ATS) shortly after full bloom and bloom is possible in ‘Elstar’ and ‘Pinova’ (2x ATS, 20 & 15 L/ha). Weak thinning can be achieved with Amid-Thin (NAD, 0.75 kg/ha). Subsequent (8-10 mm) use of 6-BA at minimum 18)C during application and the following days yields strong thinning.

Voor de pitfruittelers in België is vruchtdunning een belangrijke activiteit die mee het economisch resultaat bepaalt. Alhoewel het de vruchtmaat vergroot en een positief effect heeft op het aantal bloembotten voor het volgend jaar, is het dunnend effect van 6-BA in peer soms te laag. Het kan gecombineerd worden met NAA (Fixor, 0.1 L/ha) maar dit kan tot overdunning leiden. Bewolkte dagen met lage zonnestraling en hoge nacht temperaturen in de perioden voor en na de Brevis toepassing kunnen in een te sterke dunning resulteren. Op moment van de strenge nachtvorst van 19 op 20 april 2017 ongeveer een week na einde bloei waren er reeds jonge peer vruchtjes gevormd en toepassing van Brevis in proeven resulteerde niet in overdunning. Telers hebben in 2017 geen Brevis dunning toegepast tenzij zeer laat (18 mm of meer) met geen dunning tot gevolg.

Ook in appel heeft 6-BA eerder een zwak dunnend effect en een zwak positief effect op de vruchtmaat, maar het stimuleert de bloembotvorming. Het kan eventueel gecombineerd worden met NAA (Fixor, 0.1 L/ha). Voor een matige dunning voldoet éénmaal Brevis aan 1.1 kg/ha. Voor sterke dunning of voor rassen die moeilijk te dunnen zijn is het aangeraden om tweemaal 1.1 kg/ha te gebruiken terwijl voor Golden best éénmaal 1.65 kg/ha wordt toegepast. Door de zware vorstschade in 2017 in appel is er zeer veel bloembot voor 2018 en is dunning nodig. Een optie bij goed bloeiweer is vroege dunning met ammoniumthiosulfaat (ATS) direct na volle bloei en kort na bloei tenminste bij Elstar en Pinova (2x ATS, 20 & 15L/ha). Amid-Thin (NAD; 0.75 kg/ha) kan gebruikt worden voor zwakke dunning. Nadien (8-10 mm) gebruik van 6-BA bij minimum 18°C tijdens toepassing en de dagen nadien resulteert in sterkere dunning.

Fruit thinning on apples is in NW Europe mainly performed chemically with ATS and BA.products. The widely used high spindle shape of trees is not very suitable for mechanical thinning and practical results are divers and unpredictable. The 6-BA products as Excelis / MaxCel / Globaryl are preferred. They act selectively and promoting flower bud. In NW Europe, however, often the temperature is too low at the stage of 10-14 mm. With the addition of NAA, the effect of BA-thinning can be enhanced. Brevis with the active ingredient metamitron has been approved since 2015 as a thinning agent. This effect of fruitthinning is stronger, but also more erratic than BA. Often, a pre-thinning is done with the ATS and later made a choice between BA or Brevis depending

on the temperature at the time of 10-14 mm fruit size.

On pears BA-products are not strong enough to get a proper thinning. On pears only Ethrel and Brevis can be used as chemical

thinners. The application of Brevis results in a smoother fruitskin. BA-products can cause little more russeting. Application of small

dosages Ethrel after F2 gives almost always a flowerbud stimulating effect.

Vruchtdunning wordt in NW-Europa op appels voornamelijk chemisch uitgevoerd met ATS en BA-producten. De veel toegepaste hoge spilvorm is niet erg geschikt voor mechanische dunning en de praktijkresultaten zijnte grillig. De 6-BA producten als Excelis/MaxCel/Globaryl hebben de voorkeur. Ze werken selectief en bloemknopbevorderend.

In NW-Europa is echter vaak de temperatuur te laag in de fase van 10-14 mm. Met de toevoeging van NAA kan de werking van BA worden versterkt. Brevis met de werkstof metamitron is sinds 2015 toegelaten als dunmiddel. Dit middel werkt sterker, maar ook grilliger dan BA-producten. Vaak wordt een voordunning gedaan met ATS en later een keuze gemaakt tussen BA of Brevis afhankelijk van de temperatuur op het moment van 10-14 mm vruchtgrootte.

Op peer werken de BA producten nauwelijks dunnend. Op peer functioneren alleen Ethrel en Brevis als dunmiddelen. Brevis geeft op peer ook duidelijk een gladdere vrucht. Bij Conference peren zijn peren eerder meer bronzig na het spuiten van BAproducten. Ethrel geeft vrijwel altijd een bloemknopstimulerend effect.

The need to increase resource use efficiency in fruit orchards is currently driving several research projects at EU level, from which interesting results have been generated. 1) OVERCANOPY IRRIGATION was considered by growers a viable tool to reduce the orchard temperature during heat waves. Results from an Operational Group within the 2014-2020 RDP of the Emilia Romagna region demostrate how this practice highly reduces water use efficiency, while not bringing consistent benefits to the production at harvest. 2) INTEGRATION OF A SPECIFIC SOFTWARE FOR FERTIGATION MANAGEMENT to IRRIFRAME. An operational group within the 2014-2020 RDP program of the Emilia Romagna developed a software for fertigation to be integrated within the national DSS “IRRIFRAME”, aimed at optimizing the use of mineral fertilizers, thus reducing the releases of pollutants and leaching, while increasing agriculture sustainability and adaptability to climate change. 3) REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION PROTOCOLS. The application of specific RDI strategies maintaining drought stress within certain thresholds may lead to the improvement of fruit quality and storability through a reduction in the water use. Multiple year trials conducted on pear and kiwifruit showed how reductions in the water inputs from 70% to 50%, applied at specific phenological stages, can increase harvest fruit dry matter content up to 2%, although such reduction may also lead to a reduced fruit size.

La necessità di aumentare l’efficienza d’uso delle risorse nei frutteti sta attualmente guidando diversi progetti di ricerca a livello EU da cui sono stati generati risultati interessanti. 1) L’IRRIGAZIONE SOVRACHIOMA è erroneamente considerata dai frutticoltori come una strategia valida per ridurre la temperature dei frutteti durante le ondate di calore. I risultato di un Groppo Operativo finanziato nell’ambito del piano di Svilupo Rurale 2014-2020 della regione Emilia Romagna mostrano come questa pratica riduca notevolmente l’efficienza d’uso dell’acqua senza benefici significativamente riscontrabili alla raccolta. 2) L’integrazione ad IRRIFRAME di un SOFTWARE SPECIFICO PER LA GESTIONE DELLA FERTIRRIGAZIONE è attualmente in corso nell’ambito di un altro Gruppo Operativo (PSR 2014-2020 - Emilia Romagna). Questo software ha lo scopo di ottimizzare l’uso dei fertilizzanti minerali, ridurre gli inquinanti e le perdite per lisciviazione, aumentando allo stesso tempo la sostenibilità e l’adattamento dell’agricoltura al cambiamento climatico. 3) L’applicazione di protocolli specifici di STRESS IDRICO CONTROLLATO risulta particolarmente promettente per aumentare la QUALITA’ DEL FRUTTO. Prove pluriennali condotte su pero e su Actinidia dimostrano come riduzioni nell’apporto idrico dal 70 al 50% possano indurre un aumento della sostanza secca alla raccolta fino a due punti percentuali, sebbene tali riduzioni nell’irrigazione possono indurre riduzioni nella pezzatura dei frutti.

The top fruit industry within the UK mainly consists of apple and pear production in a variety of growing systems, the older systems are in traditional orchards but many newer orchards are now being planted as high intensity orchards. Stone fruit mainly consist of cherries and plums, with cherries mainly grown under protection during the cropping phase (May-August). All crops are soil grown and are predominantly grown in the South East of England, although cider apples are mainly grown in the South West of England. Traditionally orchards were not irrigated relying solely on rain fed but in recent years some of the older orchards have begun to be irrigated and the majority of newly planted high intensity orchards do receive irrigation. Irrigation to the crops is fundamental to maximizing cropping potential and consistency from one year to the next, and is key to maximizing fruit quality and uniformity. Irrigation is especially important in years where there is low rainfall during the summer months. Grower interviews conducted by NIAB EMR has shown that growers rank efficient irrigation as key to their crop performance but there is a wide variation in the amount of water that is applied to a particular crop. Research trials/experiments at NIAB EMR has shown that precision irrigation tools and techniques results in significant savings in the amount of water and fertilizer applied to the crop, with improvements in yield and fruit quality also being achieved.

Research has shown that irrigation in ‘Conference’ pears increases fruit size resulting in a higher yield and higher economic turnover. To assist pear growers in optimizing their yields the Soil Service of Belgium and pcfruit established an irrigation and fertigation service system PWARO that gives orchard specific advice based on soil sample analysis, leaf mineral analysis, fruit set and a soil water balance model. Every week the growers get advice for steering their irrigation system taking the weather predictions into account. More than 85% of the orchards under PWARO support irrigated between 90 and 180 mm water (900-1800 m3/ha) in 2017 when a long dry period occurred from March until June. However, variations exist in orchards and to better take these variations into account in the PWARO advise satellite image analysis was offered to pear growers as a new service in 2017. The water status can be derived from the satellite images and there is a strong relation between water status and fruit size.

Based on 3 years of field experiments nitrogen fertilization and irrigation guidelines have been established for soil grown strawberries. Under the assumption that no nitrogen remains in the soil after winter, a nitrogen fertilization advice of 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha is advised for ‘Elsanta’ (late culture and June bearers) and ‘Portola’ (ever bearer), respectively. However, if soil analysis after winter reveals a remaining supply of nitrogen then the abovementioned nitrogen fertilization should be corrected for this amount. The threshold level of soil water tension or potential reaches down to -30 kPa and -55 kPa for ‘Elsanta’ and ‘Portola’, respectively.

Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat irrigatie bij ‘Conference’ leidt tot grotere vruchten waardoor opbrengst en economische omzet verhogen. Om peer telers te helpen om hun opbrengsten te optimaliseren hebben de Bodemkundige Dienst van België en pcfruit de irrigatie en fertigatie adviesdienst PWARO opgericht die boomgaard specifiek advies geeft op basis van bodemstaal analyse, blad minerale analyse, vruchtzetting en een bodem waterbalans model. De telers krijgen een wekelijks irrigatie advies dat rekening houdt met de weersvoorspellingen. Zo hebben meer dan 85% van de begeleide percelen tussen 90 en 180 mm water (900-1800 m3/ha) geïrrigeerd in 2017 wat een zeer lange droge periode kende van maart t.e.m. juni. Maar er treden veel verschillen op in een boomgaard en om die meer in rekening te brengen in het advies is vanaf 2017 satelliet beeldanalyse aangeboden aan de telers. De water toestand in de boomgaard kan afgeleid worden uit een satellietbeeld en er is een sterke relatie tussen de water toestand en de vruchtgrootte.

Op basis van 3 jaar veldproeven zijn stikstofbemesting- en irrigatierichtlijnen opgesteld voor volle grond aardbeien. Zo wordt een stikstofbemesting van 50 kg/ha en 100 kg/ha aangeraden voor respectievelijk ‘Elsanta’ (verlate teelt of junidragers) en ‘Portola’ (doordrager) indien er na de winter geen stikstof meer voorradig zou zijn in de bodem. Als bodemstaalanalyse na de winter aangeeft dat er nog stikstof aanwezig is in de bodem dan moet die voorraad in mindering gebracht worden van de bovenstaande adviezen. De interventiedrempel van vochtspanning waarbij irrigatie moet opgestart worden bedraagt voor ‘Elsanta’ en ‘Portola’ respectievelijk -30 kPa en -55 kPa.

Part of the complex research program regarding the introduction of methods and technologies in organic farming, two important aspects are presented: one concerning the quality of petal production in edible rose and its correlation with the state of soil nutrition, and another with the importance of windbreaks around the orchards in an ecological system, which can attract birds useful in phyto-sanitary protection.

Din cadrul programului complex de cercetare privind introducerea de metode și tehnologii în agricultura ecologică sunt prezentate două aspecte importante: unul privind calitatea producției de petale la trandafirul de dulceață și corelarea lui cu starea de nutriție a solului și altul cu importanța perdelelor de protecție în jurul livezilor în sistem ecologic, ce pot atrage păsări utile în protecția fito-sanitară

Fruit quality develops during the pre-harvest period. Therefore postharvest management is only possible to maintain or slow the reduction of quality loss. Focus has to be to monitor and investigate the factors that influence fruit quality during the phenological development of the fruit. Some pre-harvest factors that are under investigation at our institute are the nutrient supply to leaves and fruit and their relationships to the influence on the fruit quality as well as how the various fruit quality parameters are distributed within the fruit.

The second point of critical importance for fruit quality is the determination of the optimal harvest date, according to its intended storage options:

• for long term storage an ear1y harvest window.

• for a short storage period an intermediate harvest window

• If marketed directly after harvest, they can be harvested at a higher ripeness suitable for immediate consumption

The optimal harvest date should be determined for each region, orchard, cultivar and fruit type. So fruit quality can be optimized and the risk of fruit losses with caused by e.g. physiological disorders and/or fungal rots can be reduced.

Fruit storage technologies to maintain quality, are based on temperature control (cold storage} and modified atmospheres such as controlled atmosphere storage for example ULO or DCA, plus the use of 1-MCP.

Die Entwicklung der Fruchtqualitat ist nur im Zeitraum der Vorernte moglich. lm Nachemtebereich ist nur der Erhalt und die Reduzierung der Qualitåtsverluste moglich. Der Fokus muss daher auf der Untersuchung der Fruchtqualitåt wåhrend des phånologischen Entwicklungsprozesses der Fruchte liegen. Einige der Vorernte-Faktoren welche anunserem Institut untersucht werden, sind die Nåhrstoffversorgung uber die Slatter und Friichte, sowie deren Einfluss auf die Fruchtqualitåt und die Verteilung der Fruchtqualitåt bestimmenden Parameter innerhalb der Fruchte.

Ein weiterer wichtiger Punkt in Bezug auf die Fruchtqualitåt ist die Bestimmung des optimalen Erntezeitpunktes in Abhångigkite der zur Verfugung stehenden Lagermethode:

• Zur langfristigen Lagerung, fruhes Erntefenster

• Zur kurzfristigen Lagerung, ein mittleres Erntefenster

• Zur Direktvermarktung gleich nach der Ernte, konnen die Fruchte zum Zeitpunkt der Genussreife geerntet werden.

Daher muss das Erntedatum in Abhångigkeit der Region, des Produktionssystems, der Sorte und der Fruchteigenschaften beslimmt werden. Dadurch kann die Fruchtqualitåt verbessert werden und reduziert das Risiko von physiologischen Schåden und parasitårer Fåulen

Die Methoden zum Erhalt der Fruchtqualitåt beruhen maBgeblich auf der Herabsetzung der Temperatur (Kuhllager) und einer. modifizierten bzw. kontrollierten Atmosphåre im Lagerraum, wie zum Beispiel bei der ULO oder DCA Methode, zusåtzlich kann 1-Methylcyclopropen (1-MCP).

Fruit growers in Lithuania use modern growing technologies and begin using precision horticulture methods. Main problem is loss of yield due to damage by microorganisms, new technologies for ensuring safe and quality fruits are implemented. Small fruit growing and processing is small industry in Lithuania. Several large factories process fruit and vegetables, however products from berries takes only small part in assortment. The most popular small fruits are strawberry, raspberry, blackcurrant or cranberry, mainly jams and juices are produced from concentrates. Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry established long term research program in order to create new products from fruits. Data obtained in these studies is published in local and international scientific journals, presented in conferences, seminars, and open days.

Lietuvos klimatinė zona labai tinkama vaisiams auginti. Dėl tam tikros temperatūros pusiausvyros šalyje užauginti vaisiai ir uogos sukaupia daug biologiškai vertingų medžiagų. Lietuvos maisto mokslo ir technologijų srityje dirbančių mokslininkų kompetencijos dėka yra įrodyta, kad panaudojant vietines žaliavas galima gaminti naujus biologiškai vertingus maisto produktus. Lietuvoje veikia keletas stambių vaisių ir daržovių perdirbimo įmonių, tačiau jų asortimente pagaminti su uogomis produktai sudaro tik mažą dalį. Populiariausi yra: uogienės, džemai ir sultys, kurie gaminami iš aviečių, braškių, spanguolių ir juodųjų serbentų uogų ar sulčių koncentratų. Daugiausiai gaminami vaisių ir uogų sulčių mišiniai. Optimizavus modernius vaisių ir daržovių laikymo bei perdirbimo būdus, LAMMC SDI mokslininkai sukūrė inovatyvias vaisių ir uogų perdirbimo technologijas. Tyrimų rezultatai yra publikuojami tarptautinių mastu pripažintuose užsienio ir šalies mokslo leidiniuose.

Microbial post-harvest diseases can be controlled using existing methods (synthetic fungicides, CA- Storage, 1-MCP). With the pressure of reducing synthetic fungicides (Swiss action plan in plant protection, EU- regulation), an increase of microbial post- harvest disease and thus an increase in food loss is to be expected. Using state of the art molecular methods (spore sampling, molecular diagnostic assays, metagenomics) microbial diseases can be characterized to a previously unknown resolution and the resulting information can be applied to obtain a high fruit quality with decreased input of synthetic plant protection products. Additionally, existing biocontrol methods (Aureobasidium, Metschnikowia) are evaluated and novel antagonists are identified. In order to characterize these pathogens, antagonists and complete microbiomes, state of the art technologies in molecular diagnostics (PCR, LAMP) and sequencing (Sequencing-by-synthesis, Nanopore) are evaluated and applied within the Swiss agricultural system. In order to assess the quality of fruits, methods in physical and chemical analytics are applied continuously and novel methods are evaluated.

Mikrobielle Lagerschäden können mit bestehenden Methoden (Fungizide, CA-Lagerung, 1-MCP) relativ gut kontrolliert werden. In Hinblick auf die zukünftige Reduktion synthetischer Fungizide (Schweizer NAP Pflanzenschutzmittel, EU- Umfeld) ist mit einer Zunahme von mikrobiellen Lagerschäden und somit vermehrt mit Food Waste zu rechnen. Mit Hilfe neuer Methoden (Metagenomik, molekulare Diagnostik, Sporensampling) soll das Auftreten mikrobieller Lagerschäden besser charakterisiert werden und gezielt Methoden entwickelt werden, um mit reduziertem Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln eine gleichbleibende Qualität an Lagerobst zu ermöglichen. Zusätzlich sollen bereits bekannte Antagonisten von mikrobiellen Lagerkrankheiten evaluiert (Aureobasidium, Metschnikowia) und neue potentielle Antagonisten identifiziert werden. Um diese Pathogene, Antagonisten und Mikrobiome zuverlässig zu identifizieren, zu charakterisieren und zu quantifizieren, werden neueste Technologien im Bereich Molekulare Diagnostik (PCR, LAMP) und Sequenziertechnologie (Sequencing-by-Synthesis, Nanopore) evaluiert und an die Bedürfnisse der Schweizer Landwirtschaft angepasst. Um die Qualitätsbeurteilung der Früchte zu gewährleisten, sollen weiterhin physikalische und chemische Analytik durchgeführt und die entsprechenden Methoden weiterentwickelt werden.

Post-harvest losses of apples in the supply chain and wastage in the home can be reduced by improved orchard management practices. Prediction models based on weather patterns and mineral analysis of apples at harvest provide apple growers with advice on the storage potential of orchard consignments. The calcium and phosphorous content of apples and the ratio of calcium/potassium and calcium/nitrogen has an important bearing on fruits storage potential. Fruit analysis 2-3 weeks before the predicted harvest date allows growers to designate apple consignments for short, medium and long-term storage. Apples growing in hot and dry conditions are prone to developing superficial scald and weather data is used to help predict the onset of scald. Manipulation of crop load and tree architecture can favour better partitioning of carbohydrates into fruit, improving the proportion of fruit dry matter, leading to higher sugar content and improved consumer acceptability.

Pre-harvest fungicide sprays limits post-harvest rotting caused by a range of pathogens infecting flowers and developing fruits. Understanding the rot history of an orchard helps fruit growers to develop specific control programmes. Rots risk analysis based on previous history of ex-store rots, age of trees, sward management, rainfall patterns at flowering and near harvest are used to predict the likelihood of specific disease pathogens infecting fruit and the amount of disease to expect during storage.

Varieties & rootstocks: taste, resistance, low in allergens, good shelf-life & storage. Breeding techniques based on genetic modification would be indispensable to broaden the genetic basis of tolerance to pathogens. Problem resistant varieties: other diseases prominent, resistance breakdown

Soil fertility: resources internal to the system, minimize off-farm inputs. Next to the yield, evaluation of the effect of fertilization consider fruit quality & shelf-life. Organic fertilizers with nutrient composition close to needs of the fruit trees needed.

Plant health: Biodiversity & plant protection products

Weed: Combination tillage & light cover of tree row with cut vegetation & machinery removing weed by brushing. Green manure period before planting

Disease: indirect methods: robust varieties; scab: reduction of ascospore concentration. Direct methods: copper, sulphur, lime sulphur, carbonates. Reduce copper: robust varieties, reduce infestation potential, forecasting models, new products, rain covers. Storage: hot water treatments

Pest: functional biodiversity: little knowledge about occurrence & biology of many predators. Rosy apple aphid: direct control measures. Apple sawfly: Quassia amara extracts. Codling moth: mating disruption & nets. New exotic pests can appear at any time

Thinning: i.a. transpiration inhibitors

Ecosystem services: Life-cycle-assessments needed

Sorten & Unterlagen: Geschmack, Resistenz, wenig Allergene, gutes Shelf-life & Lagerfähigkeit. Genetisch modifizierende Züchtungsmethoden wären unverzichtbar genetische Basis für tolerante Pathogene zu erhöhen. Probleme resistenter Sorten: Zunahme andere Krankheiten, Resistenzüberwindung.

Bodenfruchtbarkeit: Ressourcen des eigenen Systems, externe Inputs minimieren. Neben Erntemenge sollte Effekt des Düngemittels auch nach Fruchtqualität und Shelf-life bestimmt werden. Biologische Düngemittel mit Zusammensetzung nach Baumbedürfnisse benötigt.

Pflanzenschutz: Biodiversität & direkte Applikation von Pflanzenschutzmitteln

Unkraut: Kombination Bodenbearbeitung & leichte Bedeckung Baumreihe mit geschnittener Vegetation & Unkraut durch Bürsten entfernen. Gründünger-Periode vor Neupflanzung

Krankheiten: indirekte Methoden: robuste Sorten; Schorf: Reduktion Sporenkonzentration. Direkte Methoden: Kupfer, Schwefel, Schwefelkalk, Karbonate. Kupferreduktion: robuste Sorten, Reduktion Befallsrisiko, Vorhersagemodelle, neue Produkte, Regenabdeckung. Lagerkrankheiten: Heißwasserbehandlungen.

Schädlinge: funktionelle Biodiversität: wenig Wissen über Auftreten & Biologie vieler Prädatoren. Apfelblattlaus: direkte Kontrollmaßnahmen. Blattwespe mit Quassia amara-Extrakten bekämpft. Verwirrungsmethoden & Netze gegen Apfelwickler. Neue exotische Schädlinge können auftreten

Ausdünnung: u.a. Transpirationshemmer

Ökosystem: Life-cycle-assesment benötigt.

Integrated fruit production systems rely on pest, disease and weed control with specific pesticides, which spare beneficial organisms. This leads to crop protection strategies with a larger number of different pesticides. However, consumers demand a reduction of pesticide use in agriculture and ideally the elimination of pesticide residues in order to minimize the impact on the environment and the risk for human health. Wholesalers introduced quality management systems in to reduce residues and the use of plant protection products. For several years, Agroscope tested a low residue strategy from a technical and economic point of view. The production of residue-free apples is possible under Swiss conditions if the crop protection strategy against fungal diseases is adapted and alternative measures such as insect exclusion netting, mating disruption against codling moth (Cydia pomonella), mulching with leaves to reduce scab (Venturia inaequalis) inoculum, and modern storage techniques are applied. The production of such low-residue apples meets consumer demand, but the economic calculation showed that the low-residue strategy is not profitable without a price premium compared to integrated production. In the frame of a transnational project in the lake of constance region these innovative crop protection strategies will be further developed.

In integrierten Obstproduktionssystemen werden nach Ausschöpfung der präventiven Massnahmen selektive und nützlingsschonende Pflanzenschutzmittel zur Bekämpfung von Schädlingen, Krankheiten und Unkräutern eingesetzt. Dies bedingt den Einsatz einer grösseren Anzahl verschiedener Wirkstoffe, die als Rückstände auf den Früchten nachweisbar sein können. Konsumenten erwarten aber eine Reduktion des Pflanzenschutzmitteleinsatzes in der Landwirtschaft und idealerweise die Eliminierung von Rückständen der Pflanzenschutzmittel, um Auswirkungen auf die Umwelt und die Gesundheit zu minimieren. Grossverteiler haben Qualitätsmanagement-Systeme lanciert, um die Gesamtmenge an Rückständen und die Anzahl der verwendeten Pflanzenschutzmittel zu reduzieren. Agroscope hat bei Äpfeln in einem mehrjährigen Versuch die Möglichkeiten einer rückstandsfreien Produktion aus agronomischer und ökonomischer Sicht geprüft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Produktion von rückstandsfreien Tafeläpfeln unter Schweizer Bedingungen möglich ist, wenn die Pflanzenschutzstrategie gegen Pilzkrankheiten angepasst wird und alternative Methoden wie Totaleinnetzung gegen Schädlinge, Verwirrungstechnik gegen den Apfelwickler (Cydia pomonella), Mulchen des Falllaubs zur Reduktion des Schorfinokulums (Venturia inaequalis) und moderne Lagerungstechniken eingesetzt werden. Mit der Umsetzung einer solchen Strategie in der Anbaupraxis liesse sich ein wichtiger Konsumentenwunsch erfüllen. Bisher rentiert diese Strategie ohne Preisdifferenzierung gegenüber der integrierten Produktion ökonomisch bisher nicht. Im Rahmen eines grenzübergreifenden Projekts im Bodenseeraum sollen die innovativen Pflanzenschutzstrategien nun in Modellanlagen weiter optimiert werden.

Several alternative methods to chemical treatments and how to improve plant protection sprayings on fruit production actions are described in order to achieve a reduction of the pesticide dependence and a residues minimization on fruit on conventional and organic orchards.

Es fa menció de tècniques innovadores en la producció de fruita orientades a prioritzar l’ús de mètodes alternatius als químics i millorar els tractaments fitosanitaris, que permetin reduir la dependència dels tractaments fitosanitaris i minimitzar el contingut de residus en la fruita tant en plantacions convencionals com ecològiques.

New innovative application techniques can be used to significantly reduce the emission of crop protection products. New application techniques are developed for fruit crops via crop-dependent spraying based on crop volume or crop row volume dosage, and adjusting spray parameters (such as air speed and nozzle type). It is estimated that this will result in application techniques in the highest drift reduction class that produce an emission reduction of at least 95%. These new techniques can significantly reduce emissions into the environment and the exposure of bystanders and local residents, while retaining a high level of biological effectiveness, and avoid overdosing on leaves and fruits.

Fungal diseases need free water to cause infections. Preventing the fruit to become wet, would prevent infections. Covering fruit crops with plastic or anti-rain nets showed in different regions within Europe a good control for several fungal diseases. In the Netherlands a project is started to work with retractable roofs that opens and closes automatically. In this way fungal diseases can be prevented and the microclimate can be regulated to prevent other diseases and pests. A significant reduction of sprays is expected.

Met nieuwe, innovatieve toedieningstechnieken, kan emissie van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen sterk worden teruggedrongen. Ook kan mogelijk minder gewasbeschermingsmiddel gebruikt worden, doordat met deze nieuwe toedieningstechnieken een betere en meer uniforme bedekking van het gewas mogelijk is. Nieuwe toedieningstechnieken worden voor fruitteeltgewassen ontwikkeld via gewasafhankelijk spuiten op basis van gewasvolume of gewasrijvolume-dosering. Dit moet leiden tot toedieningstechnieken in de hoogste driftreductieklasse met een emissiereductie van minimaal 95%. Dankzij deze nieuwe technieken kan de emissie naar het milieu en de blootstelling van omstanders en bewoners sterk worden teruggedrongen, met behoud van een goede biologische effectiviteit. Daarnaast worden nieuwe trajecten onderzocht, zoals beschermde teelt, waarbij het gewas wordt droog gehouden waardoor infecties door schimmels van het gewas niet vinden en er minder chemische gewasbescherming hoeft worden uitgevoerd.

The report deals with results for weed control in pome fruit growing. In particular, the focus is on the avoidance or reduction of glyphosate-containing products through the increased use of soil-active herbicides and the inclusion of mechanical weed control in the herbicide strategy in integrated fruit production.

Der Report befasst sich mit Ergebnissen zur Unkrautbekämpfung im Kernobstanbau. Der Fokus liegt dabei insbesondere auf der Vermeidung bzw. Reduzierung von glyphosathaltigen Produkten durch die verstärkte Anwendung bodenwirksamer Herbizide und der Einbeziehung mechanischer Unkrautbekämpfung in die Herbizidstrategie auch im Integrierten Obstanbau.

The French Ecophyto Plan aims to reduce the number of treatments in agriculture. In this frame, Ctifl started from 2010 to study the protection of apples against rain with plastic covers placed on the top of the trees. Trials are at the Ctifl Center called Lanxade in the South-West of France. Different types of rain cover have been studied. The efficacy has been successful on Braeburn and Gala, protecting the fruits without any additional fungicides, even in presence of little scab on shoots. In a new planted orchard, with a more susceptible variety, an outbreak of scab occurs under the covers from the start. The different possible causes are analyzed, through measuring climatic data, trapping spores and running RIMpro model. Furthermore, the microclimate under the rain covers seems to be favorable to powdery mildew, woolly aphids and sometimes on sooty blotch. The system could be improved with some treatments to avoid powdery mildew and the most severe scab infections, or even by applying plant resistance inducers.

Dans le cadre du Plan français « Ecophyto » qui vise à réduire le nombre de traitements dans l'agriculture, la protection des pommes contre la pluie avec des bâches plastique sur le sommet des arbres a été testé dès 2010 par le Ctifl, sur son site de Lanxade dans le Sud-ouest de la France. Différents types de couverture de pluie ont été étudiés. L'efficacité a été bonne sur Braeburn et Gala, permettant une protection des fruits sans aucun fongicide supplémentaire, même en présence d’un peu de tavelure sur les pousses. Par contre, dans un verger nouvellement planté, avec une variété plus sensible à la tavelure, les symptômes sont apparus sous les bâches dès le début. Différentes causes possibles sont analysées, par la mesure de données climatiques, le piégeage de spores et le modèle RIMpro. En outre, le microclimat sous les couvertures de pluie semble être favorable à l'oïdium, les pucerons lanigères et parfois à la maladie de la suie et des crottes de mouche. La stratégie devrait être améliorée avec des traitements pour éviter l'oïdium et les infections de tavelure les plus graves, voire l’introduction de stimulateurs de défense des plantes.

In the frame of PEPS project supported by French Ministry of Agriculture, five plant resistance inducers (PRIs) have been tested both in orchard and in controlled conditions. The first workpackage of the project was to screen in laboratory around thirty commercialized products in order to select the five most efficient apple defense activators. The products have then been tested throughout the PEPS network of experimental orchards for their ability to protect against apple scab and storage diseases. In parallel to orchard trials, several studies were performed in controlled conditions in order to identify factors that can influence PRI efficiency and to study additional properties of the products.

Dans le cadre de projet PEPS financé par le Ministère de l'Agriculture français, cinq stimulateurs de défense des plantes ont été testés tant au verger que dans des conditions contrôlées. Le premier « Workpackage » du projet portait sur le screening en laboratoire d’environ trente produits commercialisés pour choisir les cinq stimulateurs de défense de la pomme les plus efficaces. Les produits ont ensuite été testés dans le réseau PEPS composé de vergers expérimentaux pour étudier leur capacité de protéger contre la tavelure de la pomme et des maladies de conservation. En parallèle aux essais de verger, plusieurs études ont été réalisées dans des conditions contrôlées pour identifier les facteurs qui peuvent influencer l'efficacité des stimulateurs de défense des plantes et étudier les propriétés supplémentaires des produits.

27 production systems, located on six places in France, compose the national apple network EXPE Ecophyto. The study aims to acquire technical and economic references to reduce the use of pesticides and limit detectable residues on fruits. The main mobilized technics are genetics (varietal resistance), cultural practices (prophylaxis), biocontrol products, efficiency (models and decision thresholds, doses modulation, spraying techniques), physical protections (Alt’Carpo nets, rain covers), mechanization (mechanical weed control), beneficial insects (released or by preservation). The economic systems are led with an integrated fruit protection program or in an organic way.

On an average of five years, 12 systems (on 19) reached a percentage of reduction of the total chemical treatment frequency indicator (in French: IFT) of more than 50 % with regard to the reference. On the other hand, just 7 systems are considered as economic and efficient systems (in French: SCEP2). Among those, only the 3 organic systems present an equal or upper economic profit than the incurred production costs.

27 systèmes de culture, répartis sur six sites en France, constituent le réseau national EXPE Ecophyto Pomme. L’étude vise à acquérir des références techniques et économiques sur les moyens permettant de réduire l’emploi des produits phytosanitaires et de limiter les résidus détectables sur les fruits. Les principaux leviers mobilisés sont la génétique (résistance variétale), le contrôle cultural (prophylaxie), le biocontrôle, l’efficience (outils d’aide à la décision et seuils d’intervention, modulation des doses, techniques de pulvérisation), la protection physique (filet Alt’Carpo, bâches anti-pluie), la mécanisation (désherbage mécanique), la lutte biologique (par lâchers et par conservation). Les systèmes économes étudiés sont conduits en protection fruitière intégrée ou en agriculture biologique (AB).

Sur une moyenne de cinq campagnes, 12 systèmes (sur 19) ont atteint un pourcentage de réduction de l’IFT chimique total de plus de 50 % par rapport à une modalité dite de « Base ». Par contre, uniquement 7 systèmes sont considérés comme des systèmes économes et performants (SCEP2). Parmi ceux-là, seuls les 3 systèmes conduits en AB présentent un produit brut égal ou supérieur aux charges engagées.

The members of the Cooperation of producers Martell (MEG) grow berries on 50ha, on 1.000-1.700 masl.

Regarding strawberries, cultivated on 35ha, the varieties Elsanta and Darselect are prevailing. Neither of these are suited for the high altitudes of the Martell valley. To find more suitable varieties, a research field is being created.

On 6ha of the Martell valley, the following raspberry varieties are cultivated: Polka, Tulameen, Glen Ample and Amira. The main varieties of blueberries, Duke and Berkeley, are cultivated in pots on 2ha. Blackberries (Loch Ness and Novaho), cultivated on 1ha, are grown as hedges.

In the last couple of years, the harvest of berries decreased due to spring frosts and invasive pests, both very big problems to the berry-farmers. In addition, the rural exodus caused some of the decrease. Alpine farming poses many challenges to the farmers: Steep fields, high altitudes and no varieties particularly suited for these regions make farming challenging. Thus, more support, manpower and expertise for the berry-variety breeding and testing are needed. Another challenge is the distance of the fields from the cities, which makes the transportation and the marketing of the fruits very difficult. Finally, South Tyrolean producers of soft fruits are lacking expertise and funding. If subsidized, however, berries provide a big potential for the zones situated above 1.000 masl. As such, the cultivation of soft fruits can provide an alternative to rural exodus.

Die Mitglieder der Erzeugergenossenschaft Martell (MEG), produzieren Beeren auf 50ha von 1.000 bis 1.700m Meereshöhe.

Bei Erdbeeren, welche auf 35ha angebaut werden, überwiegen die Sorten Elsanta und Darselect. Keine ist besonders geeignet für die Höhenlagen des Martelltals. Um bessere Sorten für dieses Gebiet zu finden, wird dort ein Versuchsfeld errichtet.

Auf 6ha des Martelltals werden folgende Himbeersorten angebaut: Polka, Tulameen, Glen Ample und Amira. Heidelbeeren, bei denen vor allem die Sorten Duke und Berkeley überwiegen, werden auf 2ha v.a. in Töpfen angebaut. Brombeeren (Loch Ness und Novaho), welche auf nur 1ha angebaut werden, wachsen direkt im Boden.

In den letzten Jahren gab es einen Rückgang der Ernte von Beeren. Dies war den Spätfrösten und invasiven Schädlingen geschuldet. Außerdem hat die Landflucht ihren Teil zum Rückgang beigetragen. Steile Hänge, die Höhenlagen und keine Sorten, welche für diese hohen Lagen geeignet sind machen den Anbau in diesen Lagen zu einer Herausforderung. Daher werden u.a. mehr Unterstützung, Arbeitskraft und Expertise für die Sortenzucht und -testung benötigt. Eine weitere Herausforderung stellt die Distanz zwischen Feldern und Städten dar, was den Transport und die Vermarktung erschwert. Außerdem fehlen den Südtiroler Beerenbauern Expertise und finanzielle Unterstützung. Der Anbau von Beerenobst stellt, wenn subventioniert, ein großes Potential für Zonen über 1.000m dar und kann eine Alternative zur Landflucht darstellen.

The main research topics for blackcurrant, raspberry, strawberry, wild strawberry, blackberry, sea buckthorn at LRCAF are: variety testing and breeding, management systems, growing and plant protection technologies.

At LRCAF 5 strawberry, 4 wild strawberry, 2 raspberry, and 20 blackcurrant varieties were developed. Lithuanian farmers growing local breeding strawberry variety ‘Dangė’, wild strawberry - ‘Dena’, ‘Meda’, ‘Redita’, ‘Elina’, raspberry - 'Vizija’, ‘Mistika’, blackcurrants - ‘Gagatai’, ‘Joniniai’, ‘Almiai’, ‘Gojai’ and ‘Pilėnai’ et. all. 2 strawberry hybrids (N051901, N082901) and 2 blackcurrant varieties (‘Aldoniai’ and ‘Didikai’) evaluated at DUS testing.

In 2017 8 clones of strawberry, 5 clones of blackcurrant were selected, 14 introduced strawberry varieties were evaluated. 6 F. vesca × F. nipponica F2 and F3 interspecific hybrids, 4 F. vesca (alpine, cultivated) × F. vesca (wood) F3 hybrids, 11 selected lines of unknown origin and standard alpine strawberry cultivars were evaluated. Raspberry, blackberry and sea buckthorn varieties evaluation continued.

In LRCAF developed soft fruit growing technologies and varieties are important for local farmers. Centre close coloborated with Lithuanian joint-stock companies. These cooperation created a new advanced research-based products, conducted an experimental research, various measurements or construct a prototypes, created new or improved the existing growing and processed technologies.

Pagrindinės LAMMC Sodininkystės ir daržininkystės instituto juodųjų serbentų, aviečių, braškių, gervuogių, žemuogių, šaltalankių mokslinių tyrimų kryptys yra: veislių tyrimas ir selekcija, auginimo ir augalų apsaugos technologijos.

LAMMC sukurta 5 braškių, 4 žemuogių, 2 aviečių ir 20 juodųjų serbentų veislių. Lietuvos sodininkų tarpe pripažintos šios vietinės kilmės uoginių augalų veislės: braškių - ‘Dangė’, žemuogių - ‘Dena’, ‘Meda’, ‘Redita’, ‘Elina’, aviečių - 'Vizija’, ‘Mistika’, juodųjų serbentų - ‘Gagatai’, ‘Joniniai’, ‘Almiai’, ‘Gojai’ ir ‘Pilėnai’ ir kt. IVS tyrime vertinami braškių hibridai N051901 ir N082901, juodųjų serbentų veislės ‘Aldoniai’ ir ‘Didikai’.

2017 m. tirta LAMMC SDI sukurtų braškių hibridinių sėjinukų, iš jų tolimesniems tyrimams atrinkti 8 klonai. Tirta 14 introdukuotų braškių veislių. Tirti 6 F. vesca × F. nipponica F2 ir F3 kartų tarprūšiniai hibridai, 4 F. vesca (alpine, kultūrinė) × F. vesca (miško) F3 kartos hibridai, 11 nežinomos veislės atrinktų žemuogių linijų bei standartinės žemuogių veislės. Atrinkti 4 žemuogių hibridai ir 5 juodojo serbento selekciniai numeriai. Aviečių ir gervuogių auginimo šiltnamyje bei atvirame grunte atrinktos geriausiai tinkančios veislės. Įvertintos auginti šaltalankų veislės.

LAMMC sukurtos uoginių augalų auginimo technologijos lauke ir šiltnamyje. Institutas bendradarbiauja su Lietuvos ūkio subjektais. Tai padeda sukurti naujus produktus, atrinkti veisles bei įdiegti auginimo ir perdirbimo technologijas.

At Laimburg Research Centre, research on berries currently focuses on strawberries. Variety testing and breeding represent the focus of the research.

Strawberries are highly susceptible to pedo-climatic conditions and to the cultivation management, thus, it is fundamental to test every variety in a specific growing area. This allows to determine the suitability of a variety for a certain pedoclimatic condition and to assess if the variety has the potential to provide economic advantages for the farmers.

The Laimburg strawberry breeding program started in 2010 in collaboration with the CREA-OFA (Forlí (Italy)). The aim of the breeding program is to obtain new superior strawberry genotypes, which should be suitable for the alpine environment (especially regarding the resistance to late frosts), have an extraordinary quality, a unique taste, guarantee the profitability to local farmers and be pest-disease tolerant, to achieve a sustainable production. At present, 8 selections reached an advanced selection phase. Last year, 1 selection was positively evaluated, presenting a very good yield, good fruit size, maintained for the whole harvesting period, attractive colour, shape and taste. This year it will be tested at a larger scale.

Other berry fruits, as raspberry, black- and red- currant, blueberry and blackberry play a minor role in South Tyrol.

La ricerca al Centro Laimburg sui piccoli frutti si concentra su fragola e in questo ambito sul confronto varietale e miglioramento genetico.

Poiché la fragola è estremamente suscettibile alle condizioni pedo-climatiche e alle tecniche di gestione, diventa fondamentale testare ogni cultivar nella specifica zona. Questo permette di determinare l’idoneità di una cultivar per un certo ambiente e verificare il suo potenziale economico per l’agricoltore.

Il programma di miglioramento genetico del Centro è cominciato nel 2010 in collaborazione con CREA-OFA con lo scopo di ottenere un genotipo superiore di fragola, che sia idoneo all´ambiente alpino (specialmente adatto alle gelate tardive), che presenti una qualitá straordinaria, un gusto unico, garantisca profitto agli agricoltori locali e sia tollerante alle malattie, per raggiungere e promuovere una coltivazione sostenibile del prodotto.

Al momento, 8 selezioni hanno raggiunto una fase avanzata del progamma di breeding. Lo scorso anno, 1 selezione in particolare é stata valutata molto positivamente. Presentava una eccellente produzione, buona dimensione del frutto che ha mantenuto per tutto il periodo di raccolta, bella forma, colore e dimensione del frutto. Quest´anno verrá sperimentata su scala allargata.

Altri piccoli frutti, ( lampone, ribes rosso e nero, mora e mirtillo) giocano un ruolo minore in Alto Adige. Il Centro Laimburg sta attivando 2 progetti di confronto varietale su lampone e su Actinidia Arguta.

The UK soft fruit sector, of which strawberries are the dominant crop, continues to grow steadily. Variety trialling of soft fruit is no longer funded by the levy board (Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board-AHDB) but limited information on East Malling Strawberry Breeding Club (EMSBC) and UK Raspberry Breeding Consortium (JHI – Scotland) is made available via AHDB factsheets as AHDB contributes to fund both programmes. Other testing is carried out by private companies, principally producer organisations and private breeding companies, and the results of these trials is not publically shared.

There are currently two strawberry genetic improvement programmes at NIAB EMR: East Malling Strawberry Breeding Club (EMSBC) that receives both public and private funding, and a full private one that concentrates in selection for glasshouse cropping. NIAB EMR also manages privately funded raspberry and blackberry breeding. Variety testing is key in all three programmes.

The James Hutton Institute in Scotland in partnership with different industry partnes also runs breeding programmes for raspberry, blackberry, blackcurrant and more recently blueberry. All of this programmes include a component of variety testing within them often carried out in collaboration with commercial stakeholders.

Additionally, several producer organisations have close links with private breeding programmes operating in the UK or selecting varieties elsewhere for UK trialling.

The focus of the variety testing of all soft fruit varieties is to give a recommendation of cultivable varieties for the North German area, taking into account cultivation system, fertilization and water management, location (soil) and profitability for cultivation, for direct marketing and marketing through the food retail. The results of the variety examination are of crucial importance for success or failure in practice and therefore have a key role in the strategic planning of the growers and variety breeding.

Our research is based on three pillars: Variety testing, trials on current pest management issues, and cultivation and cultural practices.

The aim of our work is to promote and expand the competitiveness of North German berry fruit cultivation. New and old varieties are continuously tested and tested for their competitiveness.

Our results are the basis for the decisions and advice of advisory councils, marketing organizations, trade, growers, research institutions, authorities and ministries and professional bodies.

Der Schwerpunkt der Sortenprüfung aller Beerenobstarten ist es, eine Empfehlung anbauwürdiger Sorten für den Norddeutschen Raum, unter Berücksichtigung von Anbausystem, Düngung und Wassermanagement, Standort (Boden) und der Rentabilität für den Anbau, bei Direktvermarktung und Vermarktung über den LEH, zu geben. Die in der Sortenprüfung erarbeiteten Ergebnisse sind von entscheidender Bedeutung über Erfolg oder Misserfolg in der Praxis und haben daher eine Schlüsselrolle in der Strategieplanung der Anbaubetriebe und Sortenzüchtung.

Unsere Forschungsarbeit stützt sich auf drei Säulen: Sortenprüfung, Versuche zu aktuellen Pflanzenschutzproblemen, und Versuche zu Anbau und Kulturverfahren.

Ziel unserer Arbeit ist es die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des norddeutschen Beerenobstanbaus zu fördern und auszubauen. Neue und alte Sorten werden kontinuierlich getestet und auf ihre Wettbewerbsfähigkeit geprüft.

Unsere Ergebnisse sind Grundlage für Entscheidungen und Beratung der Beratungsringe, Vermarktungsorganisationen, Handel, Anbauern, Forschungsinstitutionen, Behörden und Ministerien und Berufsständischen Gremien.

In France, the strawberry industry (from the producer to the retailer) is focused on fruit quality to meet the consumer demand for a “made in France” high quality strawberry. Varietal choice is the first step of quality elaboration.

Testing new strawberry varieties is organized around a national network including Ctifl and four regional stations. Ctifl is coordinating this national network. It takes in account all the steps of the supply chain (from the producer to the retailer) to meet the consumer requirements in terms of price and quality.

The national production aims to differentiate a national quality from the foreign production. To develop a new variety means to meet a balance between diseases and pest resistance, yield, appearance, shelf life ability, taste,...

In 2017, twenty cultivars were evaluated in Balandran Ctifl center toward reference varieties Gariguette, Clery, Darselect and Matis.

En France, les attentes de la filière et du consommateur orientent la production nationale de fraise vers un haut niveau de qualité demandé par le consommateur.

Le choix variétal est la première étape de l’élaboration de la qualité proposée à la vente au consommateur. Les critères d’évaluation concernent l’ensemble de la filière, du producteur au rayon, pour satisfaire le consommateur en termes de prix et de qualité.

L’évaluation variétale concernant la fraise est organisée en réseau, regroupant le Ctifl et quatre stations régionales dont le Ctifl assure la coordination.

L’enjeu pour la production nationale est une offre différenciée de l’offre étrangère, fortement présente sur le marché français. Pour devenir présente sur le marché, une nouvelle variété doit respecter un équilibre entre qualité gustative, qualité visuelle, résistance aux bio agresseurs, aptitude à la conservation et productivité.

En 2017, vingt variétés ont été évaluées au Ctifl, réparties dans deux systèmes de production hors sol chauffé et à froid, comparées aux références de production Gariguette, Clery, Darselect, Matis.

The main topics for all soft fruits are variety testing, crop protection, cropping systems, fertilisation, soil & water and rendability.

Since a correct variety choice is to a large extent decisive for the achieved result and as a consequence also for the income of a grower, most new soft fruit varieties are tested at the department field research berryfruits of pcfruit. This happens in growing conditions comparable with these of the growers. Results are summarized, published and are available for the Belgian soft fruit growers.

New varieties/selections of strawberries are screened in open field conditions, with production, fruit classification, harvest period and fruit quality as main research characteristics. In 2017, twenty new short-day varieties were evaluated. Six early varieties were evaluated in a tunnel production and seven varieties as a table top crop. Optimalisation tests were performed for Malling Centenary and Magnum. There were 19 new day-neutral varieties evaluated in open field condition. Optimalisation tests were performed for Verity and Harmony. Seven varieties were tested as a table top crop.

In 2017, 22 varieties of floricane raspberry were evaluated as a container crop in an unheated tunnel production; five of these varieties will move to phase 2 of the variety screening. In 2017 there were also 22 primocane raspberry varieties evaluated as a container crop. Other variety trials were performed for goose berries, red and white currants and blackberries.

De belangrijkste onderzoeksthema’s voor zachtfruit in pcfruit zijn: rassenonderzoek, gewasbescherming, teelttechniek, bemesting, bodem & water en rendabiliteit.

Aangezien een juiste rassenkeuze in grote mate bepalend is voor het bekomen teeltresultaat en dus ook voor de inkomsten van een teler, worden de meeste veelbelovende nieuwe rassen uitgetest in de proeftuin. Dit gebeurt onder teeltomstandigheden die vergelijkbaar zijn met die van de telers. De resultaten worden gebundeld en kenbaar gemaakt aan de telers, zodat zij op basis hiervan gerichte beslissingen kunnen nemen.

Voor aardbeien worden nieuwe rassen en selecties in volle grond open lucht gescreend naar opbrengst, oogstverloop, vruchtsortering en vruchtkwaliteit. In 2017 werden er twintig junidragende rassen in fase 1 gescreend en zes rassen in fase 2. Zes vroege rassen werden ook in een tunnelproductie opgevolgd en 7 rassen in een substraatteelt op stelling. In 2017 werden er optimalisatie proeven uitgevoerd voor Malling Centenary en Magnum. Voor de doordragers waren er 14 objecten in volle grond in fase 1 en 5 objecten in fase 2. Optimalisatieproeven werden uitgevoerd voor Verity en Harmony. Zeven objecten werden opgevolgd in een substraatteelt op stelling.

In de rassenproef zomerframboos werden 22 rassen getest, waarvan 5 rassen in 2018 doorschuiven naar fase 2. Er werden 22 variëteiten herfstframboos opgevolgd. Verder werden er ook nog rassenproeven uitgevoerd voor stekelbessen, rode en witte bessen en bramen.

In blackberry organic production in tunnels Loch Ness, Loch Tay and Natchez were most promising. In black currant a new test clone was late flowering and escaped spring frost in all years and gave the highest accumulated yield. N. Viking, B. Hope, B. Lomond is the best cultivars in conventional tests. In red currant an organic trial showed that Red Poll and Roodneus had highest yields and highest content of color and were recommended, and better than Augustus and Rovada.

For Aronia melanocarpa Viking showed a bit higher yield than Nero in an organic trial but both had very high color content. Anthocyanin content in pomace varied depending on juice processing and pressing methods and more than 50% of anthocyanins were left in the pomace. Trials with over 100 clones of European blueberries showed large variation in yield, berry size, plant growth, plant health and fruit quality. Efficient propagation methods using summer cuttings were developed and a special liquid fertilizer developed for EB. Data for selection of superior cultivars has been collected for several years and is expected to lead to release of clones in few years.

New specialty species have been tested (hascaps, highbush blueberries, bush cherries, saskatoons, goji berries, japanese silver berries, cornelian cherries, white (red) currant, green (black) currant, hybrid black currant x gooseberry, gooseberries). First harvest with machine were done successfully in summer-autumn 2017 and fruit analysis performed.

I økologisk brombær produktion i tunneller var Loch Ness, Loch Tay og Natchez mest lovende. Økologiske solbærforsøg med standard anbefalede sorter (Ben Hope, Ben Lomond, Ben Tirran, Narve Viking) og nogle nye forædlingskloner fra JHI (Scotland), viste en af de nye test kloner sen blomstring og undslap sen forårsfrost i alle år herudover det højeste akkumulerede udbytte. Narve Viking, Ben Hope, Ben Lomond var de bedste sorter. I ribs dyrket økologisk viste Red Poll og Roodneus det højeste udbytte og det højeste farveindhold, bedre end Augustus og Rovada.

For Aronia melanocarpa gav Viking højere udbytte end Nero i økologisk forsøg. Anthocyanin konc. i presseresten var afhængig af juice processerings- og pressemetode. 50% af anthocyaninerne var tilbage i presseresten efter presning. Klonforsøg med over 100 kloner af almindelig blåbær viste stor variation i udbytte, bærstørrelse, plantevækst, plantesundhed og frugt kvalitet. Effektive formerings- og dyrkningsmetoder med urteagtige sommerstiklinger er udviklet samt en flydende gødningsopløsning til almindelig blåbær. Data for selektion af de bedste kloner er indsamlet for flere år, det forventes at nye sorter snart kan udsendes.

Nye specialarter er blevet testet (hascaps, amerikansk blåbær, busk kirsebær, saskatoons, goji bær, sølvblad, kirsebærkornel, hvidfrugtet ribs, grønne solbær, jostabær og stikkelsbær). Planter blev etableret i 2016/2017 og første høst med nye portal høster blev gennemført med succes i sommer-efterår 2017.

The soft fruit industry within the UK mainly consists of strawberry and raspberry production in a variety of growing systems, for example protected, un-protected, soil grown and substrate. Irrigation to these crops, especially in protected and substrate grown systems is fundamental to crop survival and productivity. Grower interviews conducted by NIAB-EMR has shown that growers rank efficient irrigation as key to their crop performance but there is a wide variation in the amount of water that is applied to a particular crop. Research trials/experiments at NIAB-EMR for both soil and substrate grown crops has shown that precision irrigation tools and techniques results in significant savings in the amount of water and fertilizer applied to the crop, with improvements in yield and fruit quality also being achieved.

Two methods for enhancing the soil fertility before and after the organic orchard planting are presented. By sowing three ameliorative plants: Sinapis alba, Tagetes patula and Phacelia tanacetifolia in a terrain prepared for planting and between rows after the planting of jam rose orchard, a substantial enhancement of the soil physical, agrochemical and biological characteristic of the soil were observed. An increase of soil content in N, P, K and humus was measured. By supplementary mulching after planting with wool and wood chips, the mentioned parameters increased.

The Pray Birds protection and monitoring at our Didactic farm showed that the Long-Eared Owls (Asio otus) is wintering (roosting) in large groups in big conifer trees with dense canopy (Thuja orientalis) that protect them against the attack of other birds. By analysing the pellets at the end of the winter season it has been observed that, Long-Eared Owls, eat a large number of rodents as Common Dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius), House Mouse (Mus musculus) and Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus), representing 89% of their total diet, and bringing important benefits to the horticulture ecosystems.

A method of controlling pests in ecosystems of ecological orchards consists in the placement of artificial nests necessary for the protection and support of insectivorous birds in orchards and other horticultural ecosystems.

Sunt prezentate metode de ameliorare a stării de fertilitate a solului, înainte și după înființarea unei livezi ecologice. Prin semănarea a trei specii de plante amelioratoare: muștar (Sinapis alba), crăițe (Tagetes patula) și facelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) pe un teren pregătit pentru plantare și pe intervalele dintre rânduri, după plantarea unei culturi de trandafiri de dulceață, s-a observat o îmbunătățire substanțială a caracteristicilor fizice, agrochimice și biologice ale solului. S-a constatat o creștere a conținutului solului în N, P, K și humus. Prin mulcirea suplimentară a solului după plantare, cu lână și talaș, valorile analizate au crescut.

Protecția și monitorizarea păsărilor răpitoare în Ferma didactică a scos în evidență faptul că ciuful de pădure (Asio otus) iernează în grupuri mari în arbori rășinoși cu coroană deasă (Thuja orientalis) care îi protejează de atacul altor păsări. Prin analiza ingluviilor la sfârșitul iernii s-a observat că acești consumă un mare număr de rozătoare (șoareci de câmp și de casă și șobolani negri) cu o pondere de 89% din total, aducând beneficii importante ecosistemelor horticole.

O metodă de control al dăunătorilor din ecosistemul liveziilor ecologice constă în amplasarea cuiburilor artificiale, necesară pentru protecția și ajutorarea păsărilor insectivore în livezi și alte ecosisteme horticole.

Two examples are presented as practice to minimize pesticide residues in apple fruits: i) pest and diseases protection program applied in an organic apple orchard, based on insecticide/repellents mineral or plant oils and sulfur, copper-based fungicides or natural fungicides as plant extracts; ii) the possibility of reducing the number of insecticides treatments for Cydia pomonella, and thus reducing environmental pollution through application of Trichotim, a bioproduct based on parasitic wasp, Trichogramma evanescens.

Sunt prezentate doua exemple legate de reducerea rezidiilor de persticide în fructele de măr: i) programul de protectie față de boli și dăunători pentu o livadă ecologică de măr, bazat pe insecticide/repelenți pe bază de uleiuri minerale sau din plante și fungicide pe bază de cupru, sulf și extracte din plante; ii) posibilitatea reducerii numărului de tratamente insecticide care au ca țintă Cydia pomonella și, implicit a reducerii poluării mediului prin aplicarea produslui Trichotim, care are ca ingredient activ viespea entomofagă Trichogramma evanescens.

In the research experimental field trials we are concentrating mainly on variety testing, rootstocks, training systems and fruit quality evaluation.

For sweet cherry, we are currently looking at over 40 varieties of the international assortment and 16 Romanian varieties. The most common ones are Kordia, Regina, Burlat, Van, Stella and New Star. Of the Romanian varieties, the Rubin and Severin variety. The most widely used rootstocks are Gisela 5 and Gisela 6 for the newly established plantations and the P. mahaleb for the oldest orchards. The promoted training systems are Vertical Axe, Bi-Baum or Trident.

Regarding sour cherry, we have in evaluation and testing especially varieties of the Hungarian assortment, grafted on mahaleb and trained as bush-vase or central leader type.

Over 25 plums varieties are studied, including: Cacanska lepotica, Elena, Presenta, TopHit, Jojo, President, Bluefree, Centenary and Record. Rootstocks tested are: Mirobolan 29 C, Weiwa, Wawit, Docera 6 and Dospina 235. The training system: Bush-vase, Trident, Vertical Axe.

In apricot we have over 25 Romanian varieties and over 35 foreign varieties that are in evaluation. Tres are led as Vertical Axe, Bi-Baum, Drapeaux Marchand, Mikado and Trident. The basic common rootstock is Mirobolan 29C.

On peach and nectarine there are about 50 varieties of native and Italian, US origin, grafted on the GF 677 rootstock. Vertical Axe is the latest training system used for trainning.

In cadrul campurilor experimentale, ne axam in special pe testarea soiurilor si portaltoilor, dar si pe studierea sistemelor de plantare si a formelor de coroana. In fiecare an, pe langa studierea elementelor care definesc fenologia si cresterea pomilor, se analizeaza nivelul productiei si calitatea fructelor.

La cires, urmarim in prezent peste 40 de soiuri din sortimentul international si 16 soiuri romanesti. Cele mai raspandite sunt soiurile Kordia, Regina, Burlat, Van, Stella si New Star. Dintre soiurile romanesti, soiul Rubin si Severin. Portaltoii cei mai utilizati sunt Gisela 5 si Gisela 6 pentru plantatiile nou infiintate si mahalebul pentru cele mai vechi. Formele de coroana promovate sunt Axul vertical, Bi-Baum sau Trident.

La visin, avem in evaluare si testare in special soiuri din sortimentul unguresc, altoite pe mahaleb si conduse ca tufa-vas sau ax vertical.

La prun sunt studiate 25 de soiuri printre care: Cacanska lepotica, Elena, Presenta, TopHit, Jojo, President, Bluefree, Centenar si Record. Portaltoii testati: Mirobolan 29 C, Weiwa, Wawit, Docera 6 si Dospina 235. Formele de coroana: Tufa vas, Trident, Ax vertical.

La cais avem in evaluare peste 25 de soiuri romanesti si peste 35 de origine straina, condusi ca Ax vertical, Bi Baum, Drapel Marchand, Mikado si Trident. Portaltoiul de baza, Mirobolan 29C.

La piersic si nectarin se afla in studiu cca 50 de soiuri atat autohtone cat si de origine Italia, USA, pe portaltoiul GF 677. Forma de conducere ax vertical.

Fruit thinning on apples is in NW Europe mainly performed chemically with ATS and BA.products. . The widely used high spindle shape of trees is not very suitable for mechanical thinning and practical results are divers and unpredictable. The 6-BA products as Excelis / MaxCel / Globaryl are preferred. They act selectively and promoting flower bud. In NW Europe, however, often the temperature is too low at the stage of 10-14 mm. With the addition of NAA, the effect of BA-thinning can be enhanced. Brevis with the active ingredient metamitron has been approved since 2015 as a thinning agent. This effect of fruitthinning is stronger, but also more erratic than BA. Often, a pre-thinning is done with the ATS and later made a choice between BA or Brevis depending on the temperature at the time of 10-14 mm fruit size.

On pears BA-products are not strong enough to get a proper thinning. On pears only Ethrel and Brevis can be used as chemical thinners. The application of Brevis results in a smoother fruitskin. BA-products can cause little more russeting. Application of small dosages Ethrel after F2 gives almost always a flowerbud stimulating effect.

Vruchtdunning wordt in NW-Europa op appels voornamelijk chemisch uitgevoerd met ATS en BA-producten. De veel toegepaste hoge spilvorm is niet erg geschikt voor mechanische dunning en de praktijkresultaten zijn te grillig. De 6-BA producten als Excelis/MaxCel/Globaryl hebben de voorkeur. Ze werken selectief en bloemknopbevorderend. In NW-Europa is echter vaak de temperatuur te laag in de fase van 10-14 mm. Met de toevoeging van NAA kan de werking van BA worden versterkt. Brevis met de werkstof metamitron is sinds 2015 toegelaten als dunmiddel. Dit middel werkt sterker, maar ook grilliger dan BA-producten. Vaak wordt een voordunning gedaan met ATS en later een keuze gemaakt tussen BA of Brevis afhankelijk van de temperatuur op het moment van 10-14 mm vruchtgrootte.

Op peer werken de BA producten nauwelijks dunnend. Op peer functioneren alleen Ethrel en Brevis als dunmiddelen. Brevis geeft op peer ook duidelijk een gladdere vrucht. Bij Conference peren zijn peren eerder meer bronzig na het spuiten van BA-producten. Ethrel geeft vrijwel altijd een bloemknopstimulerend effect.

Fruit growers in Lithuania use modern growing technologies and begin using precision horticulture methods. Main problem is loss of yield due to damage by microorganisms, new technologies for ensuring safe and quality fruits are implemented. Biological and physical method usage for microorganism control during storage, instead of chemical protection, is increasing recently. Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry established long term research program in order to optimize fruit storage conditions and to evaluate fruit quality parameters during storage. Usage of non-destructive methods, such as visible light (400-700 nm) and near-infrared (NIR) (400-700 nm) spectroscopy was studied in postharvest fruit quality evaluation. Data obtained in these studies is published in local and international scientific journals, presented in conferences, seminars, and open days.

Lietuvos klimatinė zona labai tinkama daržovėms ir vaisiams auginti. Dėl tam tikros temperatūros pusiausvyros šalyje užauginti vaisiai ir uogos sukaupia daug biologiškai vertingų medžiagų. Lietuvos maisto mokslo ir technologijų srityje dirbančių mokslininkų kompetencijos dėka yra įrodyta, kad panaudojant vietines žaliavas galima gaminti naujus biologiškai vertingus maisto produktus. Optimizavus modernius vaisių ir daržovių laikymo bei perdirbimo būdus, LAMMC SDI mokslininkai sukūrė inovatyvias technologijas, kurios užtikrina jų kokybę bei mikrobiologinę saugą. Ištyrę ir nustatę Lietuvos agroklimatinėms sąlygoms tinkančias veislių rūšis, mokslininkai žemdirbiams parenka geriausias jų auginimo technologijas. Tyrimų rezultatai yra publikuojami tarptautinių mastu pripažintuose užsienio ir šalies mokslo leidiniuose.

Significant amounts of pesticides are used for pest management in orchards all over the world. The inadequate usage of pesticides has become unacceptable because its leads to the resistance of pathogen. Biocontrol, the use of botanical extracts and other organic methods need to be strengthened.

New non-chemical food safety technologies reducing berry rots and extending storage time are new environment friendly tools. Photosensitization is an innovative method for inhibition of pathogens in berry and is based on the interaction of light (λ = 400 nm, 20 mW cm-2) and photoactive compound (chlorophyllin derivative). One of the main advantages of photosensitization is the absence of any harmful effects on antioxidant activity, total phenolics, anthocyanins or color with the significant extent of strawberry shelf-life of treated strawberries.

Therefore, it is necessary to encourage research into the effectiveness and practical application of environment friendly products for plant protection.

Pastaruoju metu sodininkystėje ligoms ir kenkėjams kontroliuoti sunaudojami dideli pesticidų kiekiai. Tai nėra priimtina, nes didelis pesticidų naudojimas veda prie atsparumo. Turime skatinti naudoti biologinius produktus augalų apsaugoje. Fotosensibilizacija yra novatoriškas metodas, taikomas slopinti puvinių patogenams uogose, pagrįstas matomos šviesos (λ = 400 nm, 20 mW cm-2) ir fotojautrios medţiagos (chlorofilino darinio) sąveika. Fotosensibilizacijos privalumas tas, kad technologija neturėjo įtakos braškių uogų išvaizdai (spalvai, išvaizdai) bei maistinėms (fenoliams, antiocinianinams, antioksidantams) savybėms.

Labai svarbu vykdyti tyrimus ieškant naujų aplinkai draugiškų augalų apsaugos priemonių, bei pritaikyti mokslininkų tyrimus praktikoje.

The main research topics for stone fruits at LRCAF are: variety testing and breeding, management systems, and plant protection.

Most important parameters for Lithuanian agro climatic conditions is winter hardiness, resistant to spring frost, late flowering, resistant to main important fungal diseases, and high fruit quality.

In 2017 at gene bank collection evaluated 80 sweet cherry, 70 sour cherry, 130 plum and 10 apricot varieties and genotypes. These accesions are used for breeding purposes. The evaluation of the stone varieties is conducted according to the Cherry Desciptor List and Plum and Allied Species Descriptor List (International Board for Plant Genetic Resources).

Lithuanian sweet cherry cultivars ‘Jurgita’, ‘Mindaugė’, ‘Jurga’, ‘Meda’, the sour cherry cultivars ‘Vytėnų žvaigždė’ and ‘Notė’, the plum cultivars ‘Gynė’, ‘Jūrė’, ‘Rausvė’, ‘Kauno vengrinė’, and ‘Aleksona’ increasing profitability for fruit growers. 3 sweet cherry and 1 sour cherry varieties evaluated at DUS testing, developed 26 new stone fruits promising hybrids.

In LRCAF developedgrowing technologies and varieties are important for local farmers. LRCAF close coloborated with Lithuanian association of commercial orchards ”Fruit and Berries” and other joint-stock companies. These cooperation created a new advanced research-based products, conducted an experimental research, various measurements or construct a prototypes, created new or improved the existing technologies.

Pagrindinės LAMMC kaulavaisinių augalų mokslinių tyrimų kryptys yra: veislių tyrimas ir selekcija, vaismedžių auginimo ir apsaugos technologijos.

Lietuvos agroklimatinėmis sąlygomis svarbiausi kaulavaisinių augalų požymiai yra: ištvermingumas žiemai, atsparumas pavasario šalnoms, vėlyvas žydėjimas, atsparumas pagrindinėms grybinėms ligoms ir vaisių kokybė.

2017 m. genų banko kolekcijoje tiriama 80 trešnių, 70 vyšnių, 130 slyvų, 10 abrikosų veislių ir genotipų. Jie naudojami selekcijos tikslams. Kaulavaisinių augalų veislių įvertinimas atliekamas pagal Cherry Descriptor ir Plum and Allied Species Descriptor sąrašus (Tarptautinė augalų genetinių išteklių taryba).

Lietuvos sodininkų tarpe pripažintos trešnių - ‘Jurgita’, ‘Mindaugė’, ‘Jurga’, ‘Meda’, vyšnių - 'Vytėnų žvaigždė’, ‘Notė’, slyvų - ‘Gynė’, ‘Jūrė’, ‘Rausvė’, ‘Kauno vengrinė’ ir ‘Aleksona’ veislės. IVS tyrime vertinamos 3 trešnių ir 1 vyšnių veislės, sukurti 26 nauji kaulavaisinių augalų perspektyvūs hibridai.

LAMMC sukurtos kaulavaisinių augalų auginimo technologijos ir veislės yra svarbios sodininkams. LAMMC bendradarbiauja su

Lietuvos komercinių sodų "Vaisiai ir uogos" asociacija ir kitomis uždaromis akcinėmis bendrovėmis. Šis bendradarbiavimas padeda sukurti naujus pažangius produktų prototipus, atlikti eksperimentinius tyrimus, tobulinti ir kurti naujas technologijas.

The sweet cherry breeding program at UNIBO has been releasing innovative cvs that are meeting growers' interest. They are being tested in many sweet cherry growing regions in Europe and the rest of the world, and exclusive rights of cultivation are being negotiated with growers' organizations on a worldwide basis. The major focus is on fruit quality (very sweet, firm, large and dark red), productive, early or late ripening, low in vigour. In addition, the program also trials training systems for very high density, and innovative pruning systems. Low vigor rootstocks and orchard protection systems are also studied. Until now, rain covers have proven only partly effective in reducing cracking, since one cause of the disorder is related to the amount of water the tree absorbs through the roots system. Total orchard enclosure systems are also trialed, in order to limit pesticide application and improve the control of insect pests, including Drosophila Suzuki. Sweet cherry is one of the alternative stone fruit that can be grown in place of peach, which is enduring a loss of profitability that is still decreasing its acreages across the Country. This species is enjoying quite some interest by growers in different parts of Italy, that go from the Alps in the North to Apulia in the South. Japanese plums are also very sought after, particularly the black-fruited varieties such as Angeleno. Apricots are also expanding, with the new, later cvs bringing premium prices to the growers.

Il programma di miglioramento genetico del ciliegio dolce di UNIBO ha rilasciato nel corso degli anni un numero di nuove varietà che hanno incontrato il favore degli agricoltori, non solo in Italia/Europa, ma in tutto il mondo. Queste varietà sono oggetto di contratti di cessione dei diritti di coltivazione. I tratti per cui le varietà di Unibo si distinguono sono essenzialmente legati alla qualità organolettica, in particolare l'elevato contenuto in solidi solubili, il frutto grosso, di colorazione rosso scura, la precoce entrata in produzione e l'elevata produttività. Vengono anche saggiate soluzioni di impianto per densità medio-alte, con l'uso di criteri di potatura innovativi, portinnesti a basso vigore, e sistemi per la copertura del frutteto e la protezione da pioggia, grandine e anti-insetti. Poiché lo spacco dei frutti dipende da due fenomeni distinti, i sistemi di copertura non sono in grado di proteggere in modo completo da questa fisiopatia. La crescente difficoltà di controllo di parecchi insetti, e il recente ingresso di Drosophila suzuki, spingono anche a saggiare sistemi di inclusione totale per verificare la possibilità di migliorare il controllo riducendo i trattamenti. Il ciliegio dolce rappresenta, insieme alle susine cino-giapponesi e alle albicocche, soprattutto le nuove varietà tardive, una alternativa al declino del pesco, ormai afflitto da anni da insufficienti prezzi al produttore, che lo rendono non remunerativo per l'agricoltore.

The new peach/nectarine variety should be consistently productive, tolerant to major diseases, endowed with prolonged on-tree keeping quality with concentrated harvest (few pickings), the fruit being tolerant to disorders and handlings, with good fruit external (large size, well-coloured skin) and internal (high firmness, good taste and flavour) quality. The new sweet cherry varieties should be self-fertile, consistently productive, tolerant to major diseases, the fruit being tolerant to skin cracking, with good fruit external (large size, well-coloured skin) and internal (high firmness, good taste and flavour) quality.

The new cultivars in evaluation at CREA-FRF are organized in 3 trees/cultivar plots (2 trees/plot for sweet cherry) and grafted onto the peach x almond hybrid GF677 (peach cvs.) and Colt (sweet cherry cvs.). The evaluation is carried out from 3 to 5 years after the first cropping by using 58 (peach) and 35 (sweet cherry) phenological, pomological and agronomic descriptors, mostly UPOV descriptors, based on which the global performance of each cultivar is scored. Quantitative traits are measured or scored according to a 1-9 scale. In the last 5 years, 172 variety selections of peaches and nectarines and 29 varieties of sweet cherry, coming from important breeding programs worldwide, have been under evaluation. CREA collection includes also several Reference cultivars (eg. the nectarine Big Top and the peach cvs. Redhaven and Rome Star; the sweet cherry Burlat, Lapins and Ferrovia), useful to harmonize the evaluation and characterization activity and comparatively score the new entries. All the trees are managed under IPM conditions. At the regional (Emilia-Romagna) level, the testing activity is done with UNIBO and CRPV, including the co-organization of fruit exhibitions of the novelties dedicated to farmers and technicians.

Le nuove varietà di pesca/nettarina dovrebbero essere dotate di produttività elevata e costante, tolleranza alle principali avversità biotiche ed abiotiche della specie, produrre frutti con prolungata tenuta sull’albero, maturazione omogenea e concentrata, tolleranti alle manipolazioni pre e post raccolta, di grosse dimensioni e di elevata qualità esteriore ed interna. Le varietà di ciliegio dovrebbero essere autofertili, costantemente produttive, con maturazione concentrata, produrre frutti grossi, poco suscettibili al cracking, di qualità esteriore e interna elevata.

Le nuove varietà di pesche/nettarine e ciliegie in valutazione al CREA-FRF sono organizzate in parcelle di 3 alberi/cultivar (2 alberi per il ciliegio) ed innestate su GF677 e Colt, rispettivamente. Il periodo di valutazione è di 3-5 anni a partire dalla prima produzione degli alberi, basata su 58 descrittori (pesco) e 35 descrittori (ciliegio) di tipo fenologico, morfologico, pomologico ed agronomico. I caratteri quantitativi vengono misurati e/o quantificati secondo una scala 1-9. Negli ultimi 5 anni, sono state introdotte in valutazione 172 varietà/selezioni di pesche e nettarine e 29 varietà di ciliegio dolce, provenienti dai principali programmi di breeding mondiale. L’attività di valutazione si avvale anche della presenza in collezione di diverse varietà di riferimento (es. la nettarina Big Top e le pesche Redhaven e Rome Star; le ciliegie Burlat, Lapins e Ferrovia), Le collezioni sono gestite secondo i principi delle Produzioni Integrate. A livello territoriale (Regione Emilia-Romagna), la valutazione di varietà e portinnesti è condotta in stretta collaborazione con UNIBO and CRPV (Centro Ricerche e Produzioni Vegetali, Cesena), con cui vengono co-organizzate mostre pomologiche indirizzate a produttori e tecnici.

Crop regulation: lime sulphur, mechanical flower thinning.

Rosy apple aphid: neem extracts.

Scab: systematic treatments during the germ-phase of the spores developed. Lime sulphur through the overhead irrigation: preserves soil, reduces residues, saves time, spares beneficial organisms, reduces driftage.

Residues: copper, sulphur, K-phosphite, spinosad, drift-reduction techniques with nets were conducted

Mechanic and thermal weed control.

Soil management and fertilization: good nitrogen supply during the blossom affects the yields positively.

Organic-suitable measurements against soil apple replant disease: exchange of soil of planting row with the one of alley, application of compost, sowing of cruciferous plants, solarisation, steam sterilization and microbiological compounds.

Alternatives to cupper: introduction of carbonates. Diseases like alternaria and marssonina are central topics.

Gleosporium: if time frame for harvesting was met, acidic clay achieved some good results and hot water treatment before storage. Problematic are late maturing varieties, trials with rain covers.

Codling moth: netting-systems positive when medium pressure. Heavy pressure, infestation a few years later.

Woolly aphid: Attention to susceptibility of the varieties and rootstocks.

Thinning: application of transpiration inhibitors.

Agrobiodiversity: promotion of beneficial organisms through flower strips.

Ertragsregulierung: Schwefelkalk, Blütenausdünnung

Mehlige Apfelblattlaus: standardisierte Neemextrakte

Schorfbehandlungen: Behandlungen in der Keimphase der Sporen entwickelt. Schwefelkalk über Oberkronenberegung: während Regenphasen in Steillagen, schont Boden, reduziert Rückstände, zeitsparend, schont Nützlinge, abdriftmindernd

Rückstände: Kupfer, Schwefel, K-Phosphit, Spinosad, abdriftmindernde Maßnahmen mit Kulturnetzen usw.

Unkrautregulierung: Tests zu mechanische und thermische

Düngung: gute Stickstoffversorgung um Blüte positiv

Bodenmüdigkeit: positive Ergebnisse Austauschen der Erde zwischen Reihe und Fahrgasse, Einsatz von Kompost, Einsaaten (Kreuzblütler), Solarisation, Dampfsterilisierung, mikrobiologische Präparate.

Alternativen Kupfer: eingeschränkte Empfehlung der Karbonate. Besonderes Augenmerk auf neue Krankheiten wie Alternaria und Marssonina

Regulierung Gleosporium: bei Einhalten des optimalen Erntetermins gute Ergebnisse mit sauren Tonerden im Freiland und/oder Warmwasserbehandlung vor der Einlagerung. Problematisch sehr spätreifende Sorten. Versuche mit Regenabdeckungen

Obstmade: verschiedene Einnetzungsysteme bei mittlerem Druck gute Ergebnisse. In Befallslagen nach einigen Jahren starker Befall

Blutlaus: große Aufmerksamkeit auf Sorten- und Unterlagenanfälligkeit

Ausdünnung: Förderung Junifall durch Transpirationshemmer

Agrobiodiversität: Förderung Nützlinge durch Blühstreifen.

The cultivation of Stone fruits in South Tyrol is quite limited and the growing area only reaches a surface of 159 ha. The prevalent drupes of the region are cherries (85 ha), apricots (67 ha), prunes (3ha) and peach (4 ha). The farmers cultivating stone fruits are usually doing so as a sideline, next to apples. Most of the stone fruit is cultivated in the Vinschgau Valley (86.3 ha in 2016).

Stone fruits are currently only sold on the local market. The experiences of SKST with stone fruits are quite limited, which might change if the cultivation of supplementing crops to the apple is to augment. Hereafter, a short overview on the stone fruit-growing in South Tyrol is given.

The main stone fruits grown in South Tyrol are cherries and apricots. Regarding cherries, the cultivated varieties in South Tyrol are prevalently Kordia (45%) and Regina (45%). The rootstocks used for cherries are GISELA5 (95%), GISELA6 and PIKU1 (together 5%). Essentially, cherry growing in South Tyrol occurs exclusively with protection against the rain. Additionally, Cherries grow on elevations of 800 – 1500 m asl and are harvested in July and August. High elevations work also well for apricots. These fruits grow between 400 – 1100 m asl in the region of South Tyrol and apricots are harvested in July until mid August. St. Julien A is the main rootstock used with apricots, while the by far most cultivated variety is the local Vinschger Marille (80%).

Im Vergleich zur Produktion von Äpfeln ist der Anbau von Steinobst in Südtirol recht limitiert und erreicht lediglich eine Anbaufläche von 159 ha. Bei den angebauten Steinobstarten handelt es sich um Kirschen (85 ha), Aprikosen (67 ha), Pflaumen (3ha) und Pfirsichen (4 ha). Der Anbau von Steinobst erfolgt meist als Nebeneinkommen zur Apfelproduktion. Das größte Anbaugebiet von Steinobst ist das Vinschgau, wo 2016 insgesamt 86,3 ha an Steinobst angebaut wurden. Weiters wird Steinobst momentan lediglich am lokalen Markt verkauft. Die Erfahrungen des SKST mit Steinobst sind derzeit gering, was sich ändern könnte, sollte der Anbau von Ergänzungskulturen zum Apfel steigen. Nachfolgend wird ein kurzer Überblick über den Steinobstanbau in Südtirol gegeben.

Das meistvertretene Steinobst in Südtirol sind Aprikosen und Kirschen. Bei Kirschen sind Kordia (45%) und Regina (45%) als Hauptsorten vertreten, wobei GISELA5 (95%), GISELA6 und PIKU1 (zusammen 5%) die Unterlagen darstellen. Der Anbau erfolgt ausschließlich unter Folien als Regenschutz. Kirschen werden auf einer Höhe von 800-1500 m über dem Meeresspiegel angebaut und werden im Juli und August geerntet.

Auch Aprikosen eignen sich für die Höhe und werden von 400 – 1100 m über dem Meeresspiegel angebaut. Die Ernte der Aprikosen ereignet sich meist im Juli bis Mitte August. Julien A ist die Hauptunterlage, welche für Aprikosen verwendet wird, während die Hauptsorte die Vinschger Marille (80%) darstellt.

The aim of variety testing at Laimburg Research Centre (LRC) is the identification of phenology, production and quality of the fruits, and the resistance against diseases to come up with recommendations for the growers.

Kordia and Regina, medium and late-maturing, are the two main cherry varieties grown in South Tyrol. The working group (WG) for Berries and Stone fruit at LRC is looking for early varieties as alternatives. Kordia faces some problems related to replant disease. Therefore, the WG is executing tests with different rootstocks for Kordia.

The variety Vinschger is the predominantly cultivated apricot variety in South Tyrol. Therefore, the WG conducted pomological tests with this variety to find the best selection.

A challenge for the both cherries and apricots is spring frost. Increased research towards late flowering varieties and knowledge-exchange with other experts are crucial in this regard.

The central problem with cherries represents Drosophila Suzukii. Early varieties might be interesting if they mature before the presence of the fly to reduce losses due to the insect.

With apricots, the European Stone Fruit Yellow poses the major challenge. Currently, research is conducted in collaboration with the Edmund Mach Foundation. More research in this regard in collaboration with other institutes is essential.

Resistant varieties and rootstocks would be interesting. Up to now, no resistant varieties are known, but research should go increasingly in this direction.

Das Ziel der Sortenprüfung am Versuchszentrum Laimburg (VZL) ist die Beurteilung von Phänologie, Produktion und Qualität der Früchte, sowie ihrer eventuellen Resistenzen, um Empfehlungen für die Landwirte zu erstellen.

Die vorwiegenden Kirschensorten stellen Kordia und Regina, mittel- bzw. spät reifende Sorten, dar. Die Arbeitsgruppe (AG) Beeren- und Steinobst am VZL testet derzeit frühe Sorten als Alternative. Bei der Sorte Kordia sind Probleme im Nachbau keine Seltenheit, weshalb die AG Versuche zu verschiedenen Unterlagen durchführt.

Auch bei den Aprikosen ist die Sorte Vinschger Marille die Hauptsorte in Südtirol. Die AG hat pomologische Erhebungen durchgeführt, um die beste Selektion der Vinschger Marille zu finden.

Eine Herausforderung für Kirsche und Aprikose stellt der Frühlingsfrost dar. Daher sind eine intensivere Forschung zu spätblühenden Sorten, sowie der Wissensaustausch mit anderen Experten dieses Gebiets unverzichtbar.

Eine weitere große Herausforderung für Kirschen ist die Drosophila Suzukii. Frühe Sorten könnten interessant sein, wenn sie vor dem massiven Auftreten der Fliege reifen und somit Verluste verringert werden können.

Bei Aprikosen stellt die Europäische Steinobstvergilbung die größte Herausforderung dar. Derzeit werden dazu Versuche mit der Stiftung Edmund Mach durchgeführt. Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Instituten ist in dieser Hinsicht essentiell. Bisher sind keine resistenten Sorten bekannt, aber Forschung sollte sich zunehmend damit auseinandersetzen.

The Autonomous Province of Bolzano (South-Tyrol) funded the multidisciplinary research project “MONALISA – Monitoring key environmental parameters in the Alpine Environment involving science, technology and application” in which different research organizations collaborated to develop multi-scale approaches for monitoring key environmental parameters at regional, orchard and plant level. Another aim of the project was monitoring the production processes and evaluating the feasibility of non-destructive assessments of fruit quality.

In order to reduce losses in the post-harvest, Laimburg Research Centre worked on non-destructive techniques to assess quality, maturity and storability of apple fruit. In this context, the experts of Laimburg collaborated with leading institutes throughout Europe.

The investigated novel techniques showed promising results, but are not the most suitable for assessing fruit flesh traits. Given the many shortcomings of these evaluations, efforts towards relating the non-destructively obtained indices with sensory, tasting parameters should be made. The results could have a potential for further improving pre- and post-harvest management of apple fruit quality by adding knowledge regarding environmental factors, by simplifying the decisions on the time of optimal harvest, by predicting the ripening behavior during storage and shelf-life, and by enabling grading of fruit based on their internal quality and their susceptibility to disorders.

Die Autonome Provinz Bozen (Südtirol) finanzierte das multidisziplinäre Forschungsprojekt “MONALISA“. In diesem Projekt arbeiteten verschiedene Forschungseinrichtungen zusammen an der Entwicklung eines Verfahrens für die Überwachung der wichtigsten Umweltparameter auf regionaler Ebene, sowie auf Ebene der Apfelanlage und der Pflanze selbst. Weiters verfolgte das Projekt das Ziel, die Produktionsprozesse zu beobachten und die Umsetzbarkeit nicht-destruktiver Methoden für die Messung der Fruchtqualität zu evaluieren.

Um die Verluste in der Nach-Ernte zu verringern arbeitete das Versuchszentrum Laimburg an nicht-destruktiven Technologien um die Qualität, die Reife, sowie die Lagerungsfähigkeit des Apfels einzuschätzen. Dabei kollaborierten die Experten der Laimburg mit führenden Instituten Europas. Die untersuchten neuen Technologien zeigten vielversprechende Resultate, sind jedoch nicht bestens dafür geeignet, die Fruchtfleischeigenschaften einzuschätzen. Dieses Defizit zeigt, dass zukünftig nicht-destruktiv erhaltene Daten mit sensorischen Verkostungs-Parametern verbunden werden sollten. Die Resultate bergen ein Potential das Vor- und Nacherntemanagement der Apfelqualität zu verbessern, da neues Wissen um die Umweltfaktoren generiert wird, die Entscheidung über den optimalen Erntezeitpunkt erleichtert wird, durch die Vorhersage des Reifeverhaltens während der Lagerung und des shelf-lifes, sowie durch das Ermöglichen der Bewertung von Obst nach der inneren Qualität und der Anfälligkeit für Störungen.

There is a keen interest in the apricot production in Hungary. An apricot breeding program has been running at the NARIC Fruitculture Research Institute since 1950. The most important breeding aims are to expand the ripening time, create novel genotypes with early or late ripening time as well as to bred new cultivars with large fruit size, abundant yield, good fruit flesh firmness, good winter and frost hardiness, resistance/tolerance to the most important disease and pests. The costumers prefer cultivars having real apricot flavor.

There is a well-known standard cultivar in the Hungarian assortment called Magyar kajszi C. 235 (Hungarian best C. 235). The growers are satisfied with its ripening time, yield, fruit characteristics, winter and frost hardiness as well as the costumers look forward for its quality on the market. Weakness of this cultivar is its susceptivity to sharka virus infection. Four novel bred cultivars/candidates (Ceglédi napsugár, Ceglédi arany, Ceglédi kedves, Nyujtó Ferenc emléke) had been selected at the Research Institute. All four genotypes have the same fruit quality like Magyar kajszi C. 235, but their ripening time is a bit earlier and their tolerance to sharka is better than the standard cultivar.

The nectarin breeding program finished at NARIC. Classical breeding methods (selection from the local population, and naturalization) were used to create new genotypes for the Hungarian market. The latest approved cultivar from this breeding program is called Apolka, which ripening time is around mid August, between Flavortop and Fantasia. Apolka is a freestone cultivar with high productivity, 120 g fruit size (AAA), yellow and firm fruit flesh, excellent taste and medium vigor.

Nagy érdeklődés figyelhető meg a kajszi termesztés iránt Magyarországon. A NAIK Gyümöölcstermesztési Kutatóintézetben 1950 óta folyik kajszi nemesítés. A legfontosabb nemesítési cél az érési idő széthúzása, valamint nagy gyümölcsű, bőtermő, jó húsállományú, jó tél- és fagytűrőképességű, a fontosabb kórokozókkal és kártevőkkel szemben rezisztens / toleráns genotípusok előállítása. A fogyasztók előnyben részesítik a valódi kajszi ízzel rendelkező fajtákat.

A Magyar kajszi C. 235 (syn.: Hungarian best C. 235) jól ismert standard fajtája a magyar kajszi termesztésnek. A termesztők elégedettek érési idejével, termésmennyiségével, gyümölcs sajátosságaikkal, tél- és fagytűrő képességével, valamint vásárlók keresik ezt a minőséget a piacon. A fajta gyengesége, hogy fogékony a sarka virus fertőzésre. Négy újonnan nemesített fajtát / fajtajelöltet (Ceglédi napsugár℗, Ceglédi arany, Ceglédi kedves, Nyujtó Ferenc emléke ℗) állítottak elő a Kutató Inézetben. Valamennyi genotípus ugyanolyan gyümölcsminőséggel rendlekezik, mint a Magyar kajszi C. 235, de érési idejük kissé korábbi, sarka vírussal szembeni toleranciájuk jobb a standard fajtához képest.

A nektarin nemesítése befejeződött a NAIK Gyümölcstermesztési Kutató Intézetben. Klasszikus nemesítési módszerket (tájszeleció, honosítás) használtak az új genotípusok előállítása során. A nemesítési programból származó legutolsó fajta az Apolka, mely érési ideje augusztus közepén, a Flavortop és a Fantasia között van. E fajta magvaváló, bőtermő, 120 g gyümölcstömegű (AAA), sárga hús, kemény húsállományú, kiváló ízű és középerős növekedési erélyű.

Among the techniques that can be used in orchards by growers, thinning is one of the most efficient. Above all, successful thinning governs the economic result of the orchard not only the year it is carried out, but also in the following years. This operation has several effects which influence both quantitative and qualitative components and which lead to: increase in size, improvement in organoleptic criteria (mainly sugar content, but also acidity, firmness or even flavour) and colour, production streamlining (by minimizing biannual bearing).

Even if the technique is effective for reducing load, it appears no less difficult to implement. Chemical thinning is not an exact science. Several factors interact. This point is directly related to the origin of this technique, which simply amplifies natural apple tree load regulation. Tree exerts a buffering effect that is difficult to understand. We get around this buffering effect by applying various complementary hormones in sequence.

Currently, modes of action are hormonal with the use of products containing, auxins, cytokinines or ethylene and since 2015 a new one photosynthesis inhibition.

Parmi les techniques utilisables au verger par le producteur, l’éclaircissage est l’une des plus efficientes. Sa réussite conditionne plus que toute autre opération le résultat économique du verger l’année même de sa réalisation, mais également les années suivantes. Cette opération a de multiples effets qui influent à la fois sur des composantes quantitatives et qualitatives et qui se traduit par : une augmentation du calibre, une amélioration des critères organoleptiques (sucre principalement, mais également acidité, voire fermeté …) et de la coloration, une régularisation de la production (par limitation du phénomène d’alternance).

Si la technique est efficace pour réduire la charge elle n’en paraît pas moins délicate à mettre en œuvre. L’éclaircissage chimique n’est pas une science exacte. En effet de nombreux facteurs viennent interagir entre eux. Ce point est à relier directement avec l’origine de cette technique qui ne vient qu’amplifier un phénomène naturel de régulation de la charge du pommier. L’arbre exerce un effet tampon qu’il est difficile de bien appréhender. C’est cet effet tampon que l’on vient contourner par l’application de différentes substances en séquence qui viennent se compléter.

A l’heure actuelle les types d’action sont hormonaux et font intervenir, des auxines, des cytokinines et de l’éthylène et depuis 2015 un nouveau mode d'action l'inhibition de photosynthèse.

The project ECOPHYTO national apple network aims to evaluate apple production systems combining different strategies to protect crops from pests and diseases, to maintain the soil and to manage crop load. It is conducted on six experimental sites that are representative of French apple production and is coordinated by the Ctifl. The aim is to analyze the efficacy and feasibility of strategies that are implemented and to define technical, economic and environmental indicators. All the levers are used: genetics, prophylaxis, biocontrol, physical control measures, biological control, mechanization, spraying techniques, reasoned chemical control and organic agriculture. The present report represents the results of year 2016.

Le projet ECOPHYTO réseau national pomme porte sur l'évaluation de systèmes de production de pomme combinant différentes techniques de protection contre les bio-agresseurs, d'entretien du sol et de maîtrise de la charge des arbres. Il est conduit sur six sites d'expérimentation représentatifs de la production de pomme française, et coordonné par le Ctifl. Le principe est d'analyser l'intérêt et la faisabilité des stratégies mises en œuvre et de calculer des indicateurs techniques, économiques et environnementaux. L'ensemble des leviers sont actionnés : la génétique, la prophylaxie, le Bio-contrôle, la protection physique, la lutte biologique, la mécanisation, les techniques de pulvérisation, le raisonnement des traitements chimiques et la production en AB (Agriculture Biologique). Le présent rapport porte sur les résultats de la campagne 2016.

INRA-Bordeaux started its sweet cherry breeding programme in 1960’s. Since, few varieties have been tested in the national variety testing network level 1 and 2. The most known released varieties are Fercer’, ‘Folfer’, but also ‘Ferdouce’, ‘Fermina’, ‘Fertille’, ‘Ferdiva’ and ‘Fertard’. The last variety released from the INRA sweet cherry program was ‘Feroni’.

L’INRA de Bordeaux a débuté son programme de sélection du cerisier dans les années 1960. Depuis de nombreuses variétés ont été expérimentées dans le réseau national Niveau 1 et 2; puis inscrites. Parmi les plus connues on trouve ‘Fercer’, ‘Folfer’, mais également ‘Ferdouce’, ‘Fermina’, ‘Fertille’, ‘Ferdiva’ and ‘Fertard’. La dernière variétés sortie par l’INRA est ‘Feroni’.

Decission Suport Systems (DSS) to assist on the fine tuning of the apple thinning strategies have been identified as potential innovations that would help achieving better performance of thinning strategies. Malusim, AgRadar and Greene method are the DSS that are being evaluated and demonstrated in close cooperation with local network of technical consultants and apple growers. On the other hand, combination of soil water content monitoring using IoT and prediction of estimated ETc resulting in recommended orchard specific irrigation water volumes that can be automatically delivered to irrigaition controller is another technology that is being implemented in apple orchards.

S’ha identificat que els Sistemes de Suport a la Decissió (DSS) per ajustar els programes d’aclarida química són innovacions potencials que poden millorar la eficàcia de les estratègies d’aclarida química en pomera. Malusim, AgRadar i el mètode Greene son els DSS que s’estan avaluant i implementant en projectes de demostració en cooperació amb la xarxa local de Tècnics assessors de les centrals de producció i els productors de pomera. Per altre costat, una altre Innovació identificada és la millora de la programació de regs mitjançant la combinació del monitorització en continu de sensors d’aigua en el sòl a través de l’ús de IoT i la predicció de la ETc que resulta en recomanacions de reg especifiques a nivell de parcel·la que poden ser entregades de forma automatitzada als programadors de reg.

Peach is the main deciduous fruit in Catalonia and in Spain (82,000 ha).The innovation in this specie focused on the development of new varieties to enhance the low peach consumption combined with efficient rootstocks and training systems adapted to the mechanization has become the main research topic for peach at IRTA.

Peach assortment has been completed with rustic varieties, well adapted to spring frost risk and warm and hot summers, productive, not early blooming, medium to low in vigour, offering some tolerance to Monilinia, full coloured, offering optimum fruit size and shape, firm, juicy and sweet flesh and optimum flavour, and covering a wide range of maturity. In addition, the selected cultivars should maintain the internal quality and taste for at least 30 days.

In the schema of the IRTA’s variety testing program, initiated in 1996, has now (2017) in the testing plot 191 new and reference cultivars planted for the first screening. After 4 to 5 production years, a first selection is done. Varieties that are not good enough are grubbed and replaced for new varieties.

Because the continuing crisis of grower prices over the last three seasons, a special focus is addressed to the new fruit types as flat peaches or flat nectarines, deanthocyanic cultivars or yellow skin, to diversify the product and to innovate for consumers.

El presseguer és la principal espècie de fruita dolça de Catalunya i Espanya (82.000 ha). La innovació focalitzada en el desenvolupament de noves varietats per millorar el baix consum de préssec, combinat amb patrons eficients i nous sistemes de formació adaptats a la mecanització s’ha convertit en l’aspecte principal de recerca a l'IRTA.

La disponibilitat de préssec s'està completant amb varietats rústiques, ben adaptades a primaveres amb temperatures variables i risc de gelades i estius càlids, de bon comportament productiu, floració no primerenca, arbre de mig a baix vigor, amb certa tolerància o resistència a Monilinia, d’òptima coloració, calibre y forma rodona, polpa ferma, sucosa i dolça o equilibrada i un sabor òptim, i que cobreixin un ampli calendari de maduració. A més, varietats que mantinguin la qualitat interna en destí i una conservació mínima de 30 dies.

En el marc del programa d’avaluació de material vegetal de l'IRTA, iniciat el 1996, al 2017 es disposa en avaluació 191 noves varietats i de referència. Després de 3 a 4 anys de producció, es realitza una primera selecció. Les varietats que no aporten els atributs desitjables són arrencades i substituïdes per noves varietats.

A causa de la contínua crisi de preus de productors en les últimes tres campanyes, un especial focus es dirigeix cap a noves tipologies de fruits com son els préssecs o nectarines planes, epidermis deantocoianica o groga, per diversificar producte i innovar pels consumidors.

Development of a new pruning system for super-high-density-orchard systems in sour cherry.

The goal at Aarhus University, Department of Food Science is to develop orchard systems for several industry fruit shrubs and tree species that can all be harvested by the same machine, a New Holland 9090X Dual harvester, thus increasing use and cost-efficiency of such a big investment in a harvester. In sour cherry we are currently testing how to transform and create a super-high-density-orchard system adapted to harvest by this machine in the future. The overall model will be trees grafted on semi dwarf root stocks, planted in 1-1.5 m distance in the row and with 3 - 3.5 m distance between rows. Trees will have a straight vertical main trunk and pruned to establish many thin horizontal shoots from the trunk of up to 4 years of age adaptable to the passage between horizontal tunnel shakers. Mechanical pruning will be done to renew a portion of shoots every year. Branches thicker than about 1.5 cm will be pruned back to the trunk for creating new thin shoots. A maximum height of 2.5 - 2.7 m of the tree trunk is maintained to fit into the harvester but allowing thin shoots to reach up to 3 m height. Pruning and shaping methods how to create such a tree model from newly planted young trees or from an existing high density orchard is currently undertaken using Stevnsbær sour cherry cultivars and other international cultivars. Cultivars with characteristics adaptable to this new system will be sought.

Udvikling af et nyt beskærings- og formningssystem til super-høj-intensive-plantager i surkirsebær til høst med portal høster.

Målet hos Aarhus Universitet, Institut for fødevarer er at udvikle plantagemodeller for en række industriafgrødearter, buske og træer, som kan høstes med den samme høstmaskine, en New Holland 9090X Dual harvester, og derved forbedre kost-effektiviteten af den relativt store investering i en portal høst maskine. I surkirsebær undersøger vi hvordan man kan transformere en eksisterende højtæthedsplantage eller forme og beskære en nyplantet surkirsebær plantning så den passer til denne høstmaskine. Hovedmodellen vil være plantning på 1-1,5 m afstand i rækken og 3-3,5 m imellem rækker. Træerne vil blive formet med en hovedstamme og beskåret så der dannes mange horisontale tynde skud af op til ca. 4 års alder, der kan passere uskadt igennem høsttunnelen. Mekanisk beskæring af en del af skuddene vil blive gennemført årligt for at forny og sikre løbende blomstring. Grene tykkere end 1,5 cm ved stammen beskæres for at danne nye tynde skud. Stammehøjden er maksimalt 2,5-2,7 m for at kunne passere igennem høstmaskinen men tynde bøjelige topskud kan nå en højde på ca. 3 m. Metoder til beskæring og formning af nye træer og lidt ældre træer undersøges i øjeblikket på Stevnsbær og på enkelte andre sorter. Sorter der har egenskaber, der passer godt til den nye høstmaskine og plantagemodel vil blive testet.

There is a growing market for organic apples and pears and fruits without pesticide residues in Europe. It has led to the development of alternative growing systems and altered protocols for spraying in the orchard that enables a production of first class fruits without pesticide residues and blemishes at harvest. However, these fruits have a shorter storability due to increased storage rot. Hot water treatment at the time of harvest is an eco -friendly way to reduce rot in storage but it needs careful adjustment of temperature and time to prevent later tissue browning and increased secondary infections by Penicillium expansum of the fruit. A method was developed to monitor the immediate response of apple fruit to hot water treatment and it showed that later tissue browning could be predicted from the emission of volatile organic compounds at the time of treatment. The activities are ongoing to uncover if the method can be replaced by other, more simple methods. There has also been focus on early detection of storage rot. Volatiles have been collected from natural and artificially infected apples during 7 month storage at refrigerated air. The results show that healthy and diseased apples differ in their volatile emission however the method needs further development to be used in the industry for on-line measurements of quality changes during storage.

Der er stigende interesse for økologiske æbler og pære og frugter under pesticidrester i Europa. Det har medført en udvikling af alternative dyrkningssystemer og ændrede sprøjtevejledninger, så det er muligt at producere fejlfrie, førsteklasses frugt uden pesticidrester. Desværre har disse frugter en kortere holdbarhed, fordi de lettere angribes af lagerråd. Behandling med varmt vand på høsttidspunktet er en miljøvenlig måde at nedsætte forekomsten af lagerråd, men det kræver, at metoden tilpasses frugten med hensyn til temperatur og tid, så senskader og forøget infektion med Penicillium expansum begrænses. Der er udviklet en aromastofmetode til at måle frugtens umiddelbare reaktion på varmvandsbehandling, og resultaterne viser, at det er muligt at forudsige senskader ud fra en frigivelse af aromastoffer på behandlingstidspunktet i æbler. Aktiviteterne fortsætter for at afdække om metoden kan erstattes af andre, mere simple metoder. Der har også været fokus på at identificere tidlig forekomst af lagerråd ud fra målinger af flygtige stoffer. Der er blevet målt på naturligt inficerede æbler og æbler, der var kunstigt inficeret i plantagen under lagring. De foreløbige resultater viser, at der er forskel i aromastofprofilerne mellem sunde og syge æbler, men at metoden skal yderligere udvikles før den kan bruges til at forudsige kvalitetsændringer i kernefrugt under lagring.

Organic production is for many consumers equal to unsprayed production. When it comes to high-value crops like fruit in particular apples, this is not the case. Apples are a stationary, long lived culture with high demands for blemish-free fruit which necessitates spraying. In order to reduce spraying and bring organic production more in line with consumer expectancies alternative strategies are investigated. Covered production using a plastic rain roof is one such strategy. At the Institute of Food, AU we have documented that rainroofs are highly efficient in reducing scab, the most important fungal disease in apple, and the one requiring the most sprays. Over a four years period, the rain roof reduced scab occurrence from 85 % in the unsprayed control down to only 5 % of fruits of two very susceptible cultivars. The rain roofs proved as efficient against scab as the sprayed control, where sulphur and potassium bicarbonate were sprayed a total of 25-30 times per season. Brutto yield in the covered and sprayed treatments were at level, but brutto yield was reduced by 10-90% in the unsprayed control (‘Aroma’ was the best producing variety and ‘Rubens’. Further, the rainroof reduced rot diseases significantly to just 2% of the stored fruit. The many sprays with sulphur and potassium bicarbonate had no effect on rots and in average 20% of the fruits from the un-covered organic production developed rots during storage and shelflife. Despite reduced light levels under the roof, no detrimental effects on neither yield, fruit size, fruit colour nor internal quality of fruit could be documented. Experiments involving a commercial covering system are on-going in pears, and preliminary results appear to confirm the results from the apple experiment.

Økologisk produktion er for mange forbrugere synonym med usprøjtet produktion. Det er imidlertid ikke tilfældet for økologisk produktion af høj-værdig afgrøder som fx æble. Æblerne har en lang kulturtid, hvor skadevoldere har gode vilkår for opformering, samtidig er vækstsæsonen lang, og kravene til frugternes kosmetiske udseende høj. Alt dette nødvendiggør sprøjtning imod både svampesygdomme og insekter. For at bringe den økologiske produktion mere i overensstemmelse med forbrugernes forventninger, arbejdes der på at udvikle alternativer, som kan reducere eller helt overflødiggøre sprøjtning. Overdækning med et plastik regntag er en sådan foranstaltning. Regntag har i et 4 åriget forsøg vist sig meget effektiv til at forhindre angreb af skurv, der er den alvorligste sygdom på æble, og den der hyppigst sprøjtes imod. I forhold til usprøjtet produktion under åben himmel falder skurvangrebene fra 85 % til 5 %. Samtidig kan det dokumenteres at regntaget virker lige så effektivt som konventionel sprøjtning overfor rådsygdomme. Trods skyggeeffekt af regntaget har der ikke kunne påvises negative konsekvenser for hverken udbytte, frugtstørrelse eller frugtkvalitet. Der pågår arbejde med at udvikle et kommercielt og mere holdbart regntag, som pt testes i pære.

The report describes newer breeding and selection processes carried out in sour cherries at Aarhus University, Denmark. Status for a selected number of genotypes is given including a description of the range of fruit quality in the progeny of the different crosses. Based on a methodology study of ‘rapid cycling breeding’ a number of crosses have been performed involving both Danish and foreign cultivars. These have been and are continually being evaluated in respect to fruit quality, tolerance against diseases (cherry leaf spot and monilia) and frost in winter and spring.

A number of genotypes have been selected based on their disease tolerance, yield and fruit quality in relation to a broader spectrum of products. These have been grafted on three different root stocks and planted at the AU site in Årslev, where they will be followed in the coming years. Further selected genotypes aimed at organic production of sour cherries will be propagated and planted in 2016/17.

Rapporten beskriver nyere forædlings- og selektionsprocesser i surkirsebær ved Aarhus Universitet, Årslev, i Danmark og status for udvalg af genotyper samt beskrivelse af range for frugtkvalitet i afkom for enkelte krydsningsfamilier. På baggrund af et metodisk studie omkring ’rapid cycling breeding’ blev der foretaget en række krydsninger mellem danske og udenlandske sorter. Disse er og bliver fortsat evalueret i en række undersøgelser for frugtkvalitet, resistens for svampeangreb af kirsebærbladplet og Monilia i blomsten, hårdførhed overfor vinter og forårsfrost mm.

Et antal genotyper er udvalgt på baggrund af øget resistens eller tolerance for sygdomme, udbytte potentiale og med interessant frugtkvalitet i forhold til forskellige produktanvendelser og podet op på 3 forskellige grundstammer i Årslev og disse følges nu de kommende år. Yderligere bliver udvalgte genotyper af interesse i økologisk dyrkning af surkirsebær podet op i 2016-2017 og udplantes i sammenlignende forsøg.

(Prunus avium L. cv. Vanda, Kordia and Regina)

In a three-year project, in cooperation with the Fruit Science Section of the University of Hannover and the financial support of the cooperative Marktgemeinschaft Altes Land (MAL), the possibilities of a better maintenance of sweet cherries fruit and stem quality were investigated. Various scenarios for the handling of freshly harvested fruits were simulated. Particularly the influence of the residence time of the fruits in the field, the cooling and the storage technology on fruit quality have been measured. It was found that for the dehumidification of the stems and fruits mainly a high water saturation deficit of the surrounding air is responsible. This dehumidification already essentially takes place directly after the harvest still in the field where the saturation deficit and thus the loss of water is often more than 150 times higher than in a wet cooling room. Already a fairly airtight cover of the product with a simple freshkeeping foil reduces the dehumidification by more than 80%. Ideal is an aluminium-coated PE fi lm to protect the fruits also from direct sunlight. In principle, the product should be cooled as quickly as possible for the best possible preservation of the fruit quality. This should be usually done with a forced-air cooler at -0.5 to 1 ° C air temperature and 100% humidity. The moisture and cooling chain must then be ensured up to the consumer.

(Prunus avium L. cv. Vanda, Kordia und Regina)

In einem dreijährigen Projekt in Zusammenarbeit mit der Abteilung Obstbau der Universität Hannover und der finanziellen Unterstützung der Marktgemeinschaft Altes Land (MAL) wurden die Möglichkeiten untersucht, die Frucht und Stielqualität von Süßkirschen besser zu erhalten. Dafür wurden verschiedene Szenarien hinsichtlich des Handlings der frisch geernteten Früchte simuliert. Besonders der Einfluss der Verweildauer der Ware im Feld, der Abkühlungs- und der Lagerungstechnik sind dabei gemessen worden. Es zeigte sich, dass für die Entfeuchtung der Stiele und Früchte hauptsächlich ein hohes Wassersättigungsdefizit der Umgebungsluft verantwortlich ist. Dabei findet diese Entfeuchtung im Wesentlichen bereits direkt nach der Ernte noch im Feld statt. Dort ist das Sättigungsdefizits und damit der Wasserverlust wegen meist hochsommerlicher Witterung häufig um mehr als das 150fache höher als im feuchten Kühlraum. Bereits eine einigermaßen luftdichte Abdeckung der Ware mit einer einfachen Frischhaltefolie reduziert die Entfeuchtung um mehr als 80%. Ideal wäre eine aluminiumbeschichtete PE-Folie, um die Früchte zusätzlich vor direkter Sonneneinstrahlung zu schützen. Grundsätzlich sollte die Ware für die bestmögliche Erhaltung der Fruchtqualität möglichst schnell abgekühlt werden. Idealerweise geschieht das mit einem luftunterstützten Schnellabkühler bei -0,5 bis 1 °C Lufttemperatur und 100% Luftfeuchtigkeit. Die Feuchte- und Kühlkette ist dann anschließend bis zum Konsumenten sicherzustellen.

The report is divided into three parts: In the first part, strategies for aphid control in apple production without detectable residues at the time of harvest are summed up. The second part deals with initial results for the control and / or promotion of pests and beneficial insects through the adapted mulching of orchard alleyways and adjacent areas. In the third part, findings on the population dynamics and approaches to control Drosophila suzukii in Germany are given.

Der Report untergliedert sich in drei Teil: Im ersten Teil werden Strategien zur Bekämpfung von Läusen im Apfelanbau ohne nachweisbare Rückstände zur Ernte zusammengefasst. Der zweite Teil befasst sich mit ersten Ergebnissen zur Kontrolle bzw. Förderung von Schad- und Nutzinsekten durch angepasstes Mulchen von Obstanlagen und angrenzenden Bereichen. Im dritten Teil werden Erkenntnisse zum Populationsverlauf und Bekämpfungsversuche der Kirschessigfliege in Deutschland wiedergegeben.

The main research topics for stone fruits at the OVA are variety testing of sweet cherries, rootstocks, planting and training systems and variety and rootstock testing of plums and prunes.

The ideal cherry variety for Northern Germany should be early large, firm, dark, productive and less susceptible for Pseudomonas. Less susceptible for cracking is not very important, in the meantime is the covering of sweet cherries standard in Northern Germany. Wanted are varieties for the whole cherry season.

In 2017 we have 60 new varieties in the first screening (Level 1). In the second screening (Level 2) we actually testing 6 promising new varieties (Adelise, Aida, Areko, Henriette, Mika, and Penny). In level 2 we are testing 8 to maximum 20 trees per variety. The new varieties are supplemented with 15 standard varieties. The new varieties have to compete especially with the standard of the same ripening time.

Tasteful plums and prunes are very interesting and important for the local market. Now less promising new varieties are available. In future, we will plant plums that are more colored, mirabelles, reneklodes and just a few very promising new crossings.

Die Schwerpunkte im Versuchswesen Steinobst an der Obstbauversuchsanstalt Jork (OVA) sind die Süßkirschen-Sortenprüfung, Süßkirschen-Unterlagenprüfung, Testung von Pflanzabständen und Pflanzsysteme bei Süßkirschen sowie Sortenprüfung bei Pflaumen und Zwetschen und eine Prüfung von Scharkahypersensiblen Unterlagen.

Die ideale Kirschensorte für den Norddeutschen Raum sollte groß, fest, dunkel, produktiv und robust. gegenüber Pseudomonas sein. Die Platzfestigkeit ist von geringerer Bedeutung, da die Überdachung von Süßkirschen mittlerweile zum Standard geworden ist. Gesucht werden Sorten von früh bis spät. Bei den Pflaumen und Zwetschen werden geschmackvolle Sorten von früh bis spät für die Direktvermartktung gesucht.

In 2017 stehen auf dem Versuchsbetrieb 60 neue bzw. neuere Sorten in der ersten Prüfstufe (Level 1) in der 2. Prüfstufe (Level 2) mit 8 bis maximal 20 Bäumen befinden sich aktuell 6 vielversprechende Neuheiten (Adelise, Aida, Areko, Henriette, Mika und Penny). Ergänzt werden die Neuheiten mit 15 Standardsorten die in der Praxis verbreitet sind und in der Sortenprüfung dem Vergleich dienen. Die Sorten des Level 2 werden in ihrer Fruchtqualität und Baumgesundheit insbesondre mit der zu diesem Reifezeitpunkt aktuell empfohlen Sorte verglichen.

Bei den Pflaumen und Zwetschen sind für die Direktvermarktung besonders geschmackvolle Sorten gefragt. Aktuell gibt es nur wenige interessante blaue Neuheiten. Für die Zukunft soll daher das Prüfsortiment eher mit farbigen Pflaumen, Mirabellen, Renekloden und wenigen kritisch ausgewählten Neuzüchtungen aufgepflanzt werden.

Research has shown that irrigation in ‘Conference’ pears increases fruit size resulting in a higher yield and higher economic turnover. To assist pear growers in optimizing their yields the Soil Service of Belgium and pcfruit established an irrigation and fertigation service system PWARO that gives orchard specific advice based on soil sample analysis, leaf mineral analysis, fruit set and a soil water balance model. Every week the growers get advice for steering their irrigation system taking the weather predictions into account. However, variations (in soil texture, tree age, etc.) exist in orchards and to better take these variations into account in the PWARO advise satellite image analysis will be offered to pear growers as a new service. The water status can be derived from the satellite images and there is a strong relation between water status and fruit size. In addition, the PWARO service is extending to sweet cherry growers in 2017.

Trials in soil-grown strawberry are ongoing at pcfruit to determine the irrigation and nitrogen thresholds as well as the optimal application strategies to minimize inputs and drainage losses and maximize fruit quality. Using sensors irrigation thresholds for several berries growing in substrate are being investigated, while optimization of raspberry fertilization is ongoing, too.

Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat irrigatie bij ‘Conference’ leidt tot grotere vruchten waardoor opbrengst en economische omzet verhogen. Om peer telers te helpen om hun opbrengsten te optimaliseren hebben de Bodemkundige Dienst van België en pcfruit de irrigatie en fertigatie adviesdienst PWARO opgericht die boomgaard specifiek advies geeft op basis van bodemstaal analyse, blad minerale analyse, vruchtzetting en een bodem waterbalans model. De telers krijgen een wekelijks irrigatie advies dat rekening houdt met de weersvoorspellingen. Bovendien wordt het model regelmatig gevalideerd door het actuele watergehalte in bodemstalen te meten. Maar er treden veel verschillen (in bodem textuur, leeftijd bomen, enz.) op in een boomgaard en om die meer in rekening te brengen in het advies zal vanaf 2017 satelliet beeldanalyse worden aangeboden. De water toestand in de boomgaard kan afgeleid worden uit een satellietbeeld en er is een sterke relatie tussen de water toestand en de vruchtgrootte. Daarnaast wordt het PWARO advies systeem uitgebreid naar zoete kers.

Proeven in vollegrond aardbei op pcfruit zijn lopende om de irrigatie en stikstof grenswaarden te bepalen evenals de optimale toepassing strategieën om de dosissen en verliezen te minimaliseren en de vruchtkwaliteit te maximaliseren. Met behulp van sensoren worden de irrigatie grenswaarden voor verschillende bessensoorten in substraat bestudeerd, terwijl bemesting optimalisatie bij framboos ook gebeurt.

Fruit thinning is an important activity for pipfruit growers that determines the economic result since higher prices are obtained for larger fruits. Although it increases fruit size and has a positive effect on the number of flower buds for the next season, the thinning effect of 6-BA is sometimes too small. Combination of 6-BA with NAA is possible, but can yield over thinning in pear. Metamitron at 165 g a.i. (Brevis 1.1 kg/ha) results in reliable and profitable thinning and larger pears. However, cloudiness with low radiation and high night temperatures in the days before and after Brevis application can result in too strong thinning as well as the use after strong frost during or shortly after bloom.

Also in apple 6-BA has a rather weak thinning effect and a small positive effect on fruit size, but it stimulates flower bud development. Combination with NAA is possible on apple. Brevis at 1.1 kg/ha suffices for a moderate thinning. For strong thinning or cultivars that are difficult to thin it is best to use 1.1 kg/ha twice (second time can be limited to the top of the trees), while one application at 1.65 kg/ha is advised for ‘Golden’. Similar care as with pear should be taken when Brevis is used under bad weather conditions of low radiation and high night temperatures or after frost damage during bloom.

Voor de pitfruittelers in België is vruchtdunning een belangrijke activiteit die mee het economisch resultaat bepaalt vermits hogere prijzen worden bekomen voor dikkere vruchten. Alhoewel het de vruchtmaat vergroot en een positief effect heeft op het aantal bloembotten voor het volgend jaar, is het dunnend effect van 6-BA in peer soms te laag. Het kan gecombineerd worden met NAA maar dit kan tot overdunning leiden bij peer. Metamitron aan 165 g a.i./ha (Brevis 1.1 kg/ha) leidt tot een betrouwbare en economisch rendabele dunning met dikkere peren. Maar bewolkte dagen met lage zonnestraling en hoge nacht temperaturen in de perioden voor en na de Brevis toepassing kunnen in een te sterke dunning resulteren evenals het gebruik na strenge vorst tijdens en kort na de bloei.

Ook in appel heeft 6-BA eerder een zwak dunnend effect en een zwak positief effect op de vruchtmaat, maar het stimuleert de bloembotvorming. Het kan eventueel gecombineerd worden met NAA. Voor een matige dunning voldoet éénmaal Brevis aan 1.1 kg/ha. Voor sterke dunning of voor rassen die moeilijk te dunnen zijn is het aangeraden om tweemaal 1.1 kg/ha te gebruiken (eventueel de tweede maal enkel in de kop van de boom) terwijl voor Golden best éénmaal 1.65 kg/ha wordt toegepast. Dezelfde voorzichtigheid als bij peer moet aan de dag gelegd worden met Brevis bij ongunstige omstandigheden van weinig zonnestraling en/of hoge nachttemperaturen of voorafgaandelijke vorstschade tijdens de bloei.

EUFRUIT: European Fruit Network

EUFRUIT: Europæisk Frugt Netværk

Objectives

Objectives

Project details

Location

EUR 1 800 000.00

Total budget

Project keyword

Resources

Links

56 Practice Abstracts

Contacts

Project coordinator

Project partners

Sections

EUFRUIT: European Fruit Network EUFRUIT: Europæisk Frugt Netværk

Objectives

Objectives

Project details

Location

EUR 1 800 000.00

Total budget

Project keyword

Resources

Links

56 Practice Abstracts

Side nets in apple orchards to exclude pest insects (CH)

Insektennetze im Apfelanbau

Apple and pear thinning in Belgium

Dunning van appel en peer in België

Fruit thinning in apples and pears

Vruchtdunning in appels en peer

OPTIMIZING IRRIGATION IN FRUIT ORCHARDS (IT)

OTTIMIZZARE L’IRRIGAZIONE DEI FRUTTIFERI

Irrigation of fruit orchards in UK

Irrigation of fruit orchards in UK

Pear and strawberry irrigation advice in Belgium

Peer en aardbei irrigatie advies in België

Introduction of methods and technologies in organic farming (RO)

Introducerea metodelor și tehnologiilor în agricultura ecologică

Fruit quality in South Germany

Fruchtqualität in Süd-Deutschland

New technologies for ensuring safe and quality fruit (LT)

Naujos technologijos saugiam ir kokybiškam vaisiui užtikrinti

Control of microbial post-harvest diseases (CH)

Mikrobielle Lagerschäden

Improved management practices in the fruit orchard can reduce post-harvest loses (UK)

Improved management practices in the fruit orchard can reduce post-harvest loses

Focus in research on Organic Farming (IT)

Fokus in Versuchen im biologischen Obstbau

Low residue strategy in the fruit production (CH)

Rückstandsarme Strategie in der Obstproduktion

Alternative non-chemical methods to improve plant protection (ES)

Métodos alternativos no químicos para mejorar la protección de las plantas

New techniques to reduce the emission of crop protection products (NL)

Nieuwe technieken om de uitstoot van gewasbeschermingsmiddelen te verminderen

Weed control in pome fruit growing (DE)

Ergebnissen zur Unkrautbekämpfung im Kernobstanbau

Rain covers in apple orchards to protect against apple scab (F)

Protection des pommiers contre la tavelure

Apple scab, storage diseases and plant resistance inducers (F)

Tavelure et maladies de conservation

Apple production - reduce the use of pesticides and limit detectable residues on the fruit (F)

Production de pommes - Réduire l'utilisation de pesticides

Berry production in Northern Italy

Beerenanbau im Südtirol

Evaluation of soft fruit varieties (LT)

Uoginių augalų veislių tyrimai

Strawberry variety testing and breeding in South Tyrol

Test di varietà di fragole e allevamento

Strawberry variety testing in UK

Strawberry variety testing in UK

Soft fruit variety testing - varieties for the North German area

Beerenobst Sortenprüfung - Sorten für den Norddeutschen Raum

Variety testing - strawberry (F)

Essai de variété - fraise

Variety screening soft fruits at pcfruit (BE)

Rassenonderzoek zachtfruit op pcfruit (België)

Cultivar trials with soft fruit and small fruit species including specialty crops (DK)

Sortsforsøg med soft fruit eller small fruit arter inklusiv specialsorter og –arter

Irrigation tools and techniques in the UK soft fruit industry

Methods of improving soil fertility and methods of pest control in horticultural ecosystems (RO)

Metode de ameliorare a fertilității solului și metode de control al dăunătorilor în ecosistemele horticole

Natural compounds against pest and diseases in organic apple production (RO)

Compuși naturali împotriva dăunătorilor și bolilor în producția de măr organic

Stone fruits evaluation overview in Romania (RO)

O imagine de ansamblu asupra testarii sortimentului de drupacee din Romania

Fruit thinning on pear and apples (NL)

Vruchtdunning op peer en appels

Fruit quality - polyphenolic compounds (LT)

Vaisių kokybė - polifenoliniai junginiai

Photosensitization, non-chemical methods (LT)

Fotosensibilizacija yra novatoriškas metodas, taikomas slopinti puvinių patogenams uogose

Stone fruit varieties (LT)

EUFRUIT: European Fruit Network

EUFRUIT: Europæisk Frugt Netværk